Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb
Abstract
Bakterije se na različite načine prilagođavaju promjenama uvjeta okoline. U ovom su kratkom preglednom radu opisane različite strategije prilagodbe crveno pigmentirane bakterije Vibrio ruber, nedavno izolirane iz priobalja, na čimbenike stresa (tj. salinitet, viskoznost, UV svjetlost, mitomicin C, pristupačnost hranjiva i temperaturu). Bakterija Vibrio ruber se koristi različitim strategijama adaptacije kako bi se oduprla okolišnom stresu. Ovisno o koncentraciji soli, bakterija Vibrio ruber mijenja svoj lipidni sastav, te svojstva lipidne faze. Membrana se bakterije Vibrio ruber razlikuje od ostalih srodnih vrsta bakterije Vibrio po tome što ne sadržava hidroksi masne kiseline, ali zato ima izrazito velik udjel lizolipida. Nakupljanje anorganskih hranjivih tvari u bakteriji je selektivno i ovisi o uvjetima okoline. Bakterije se brzo prilagođavaju stresnim uvjetima i mijenjaju svoj proteinski sastav, metabolizam, tj. potrošnju ugljika i energije, te proizvodnju sekundarnih metabolita. Aktivnost glukoza-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze dobar je indikator stresa u Vibrio ruber. Bakterije mogu mijenjati viskozitet stanica kao odgovor na promjenu viskoziteta okoline. Imaju nekoliko virusnih elemenata u genomu koji se mogu inducirati mitomicinom C. Promjene u uvjetima okoline tijekom rasta bakterija bitno utječu na iskorištenje ugljika iz lizata mikrobnih stanica. Nedavno je otkrivena nova ekofiziološka funkcija sekundarnog metabolita prodigiozina, a to je da štiti stanicu od UV zračenja. Može se zaključiti da se u kratkom periodu istraživanja bakterije Vibrio ruber (kraćem od deset godina) dokazalo da se može upotrijebiti kao vrlo učinkovit model za ispitivanje ekofiziologije bakterija.Bacteria use different adaptation strategies to survive environmental perturbations. In this minireview, adaptation strategies of new red-pigmented Vibrio ruber isolated from coastal environments to different environmental stresses (i.e. salinity, viscosity, UV light, mitomycin C, nutrient availability and temperature) are reviewed. To cope with environmental stresses Vibrio ruber uses several different adaptive strategies. For example, lipid composition as well as phase behaviour are strongly dependent on salt concentration. Vibrio ruber membrane has no hydroxy fatty acids, but exceptionally high lysolipid content compared to other related Vibrio species. Inorganic nutrient uptake by bacteria is selective, depends on environmental conditions and varies several fold with environmental perturbations. Protein composition, carbon flow through the central metabolic pathways, energy generation as well as secondary metabolite production adapt readily to stress conditions. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase proved to be a good indicator of Vibrio ruber stress. Cells are able to modulate their local viscosity in response to variations of environmental viscosity. The bacterium harbours several viral genetic elements in its genome, which could be induced by mitomycin C. Environmental conditions during growth of bacteria have a significant effect on lysate carbon turnover. Secondary metabolite prodigiosin confers protection against UV in the environment, which adds to the known repertoire of prodigiosin ecophysiological functions. In conclusion, Vibrio ruber in its short acquaintance with the scientific community (less than ten years) has proven to be an immensely valuable model system for ecophysiological studies of bacteria
