Some medicinal plant that used as antibacterial in Iraq has been experimented as antifungal, five of these plants include Zingiber officinale, Salvia officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Glycyrrihza glabra, Punica granutum were used against four species of candida spp. C. paracitucus ,C. albicans, C.tropicus ,C.kruzi, which are resistance to antifungal drugs, 80% methanol was used to extract these plants, 5 mg/ml of each extracts used in nutrient broth for 4 days to evaluated anti-candida activity. The Results show that plants extracts causes complete inhibition ,decreased in candida growth ,don’t effect on activated candida growth, Zingiber officinale causes complete inhibition to candida spp except C. albicans, Salvia officinalis was decreased in all candida spp, Origanum vulgare, effect on C. albicans and C, kruzi but it don’t effect on other species. Glycyrrihza glabra decreased all candida spp. Punica granutum decreased growth of C. albicans and C. kruzi only. Keywords: Candida spp , plant extract, 80% methanol

Abed-Neama, Zahraa

Al-Askeri, Mohammed

Al-Saadi, Ali H.

Al-Terehi, Mona

Habeeb, Rajaa Ali

Haleem, Zahraa

K.Zaidan, Haider

Majed, Noora

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Advances in Life Science and Technology                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online) Vol.36, 2015  53 Some Herbal Medicinal Plants Activity against Candida spp which Resistance to Antifungal Drugs  Mona Al-Terehi1      Ali H. Al-Saadi2      Zahraa Abed-Neama2      Mohammed Al-Askeri3 Haider K.Zaidan2      Rajaa Ali Habeeb2      Noora Majed2      Zahraa Haleem2 1.University of Kufa -College of Science 2. University of Babylon, College of Science 3.AL-Qadesia university  Abstract  Some medicinal plant that used as antibacterial in Iraq has been experimented as antifungal, five of these plants include Zingiber officinale, Salvia officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Glycyrrihza glabra, Punica granutum were used against four species of candida spp. C. paracitucus ,C. albicans, C.tropicus ,C.kruzi, which are resistance to antifungal drugs, 80% methanol was used to extract these plants, 5 mg/ml of each extracts used in nutrient broth for 4 days to evaluated anti-candida activity. The Results show that plants extracts causes complete inhibition ,decreased in candida growth ,don’t effect on activated candida growth, Zingiber officinale causes complete inhibition to candida spp except C. albicans, Salvia officinalis was decreased in all candida spp, Origanum vulgare, effect on C. albicans and C, kruzi but it don’t effect on other species. Glycyrrihza glabra decreased all candida spp. Punica granutum decreased growth of C. albicans and C. kruzi only. Keywords: Candida spp , plant extract, 80% methanol.  Introduction  Medicine plant has been used in different application especially to treated different pathogenesis of microorganisms in the world, in Iraq some of these organisms have resistance to wide spectrum of drugs thus it causes different infection and complication, the pathogenic include yeast such as candida is resistance to several drugs like cycloheximide, fluconazole, nystatin and gresofulvin, this resistance was increased in recent years because of several mechanisms development like genetic changes in some genes via mutation that causes changes in some enzyme pathway which leads to lesion in enzyme pathway or in multidrug protein transport which responsible of drug transport in side cell such as CDR1 , CDR2 and CaMDR1 which have been played  role in fluconazole resistance (Albertson et al ., 1996). Studies are dealing with medicinal plants mechanism of action on microorganism suggested that these mechanisms may be affected on cell membrane which causes increased membrane preimpility associated with loss ions and reduction in membrane potentiality  (Di Pasqua et al., 2006; Turina et al., 2006 ) The disruption of the cell membrane causes defect in biological activity like energy conversion processes, nutrient processing, synthesis of structural macromolecules, and secretion of many growth regulators (Oussalah et al., 2006). Turina et al., (2006) affirm the effectiveness  of specific ions on plasma membrane has effective on the different process  such as protons motive force, intracellular ATP content and overall activity of microbial cells like turgor pressure, solutes transport and metabolism regulation process. Essential oils of many plants are composed of terpenes , terpenoids and other aromatic, aliphatic constituents can be penetrate and damage fungal cell wall and cytoplasmic membranes, permeable them and finally disrupted mitochondrial membranes, Changes in electron flow through the electron transport system in mitochondria lead to lipids, proteins and nucleic acid damage (Arnal-Schnebelen et al., 2004). The essential oils can hassle the depolarization of the mitochondrial membranes and decreased membrane potential, also affect Ca2+ and other ion channels, lowering pH and effect on the proton pump , ATP pool. changes in the fluidity of membranes resulted into the radicals leakage, cytochrome C, calcium ions and proteins. Thus, permeabilization of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes leads to cell death by apoptosis and necrosis (Yoon et al., 2000). Present study was suggested for using common plants that used in different medical application in Iraq to treated candida spp infection which is resistance to antifungal drugs, also these plants extracts don’t have harmful side effect if it used under Specialists. Review of literature improved its ability to treated different infections such as pathogenic bacteria, fungal and viral because it contain phytochemicals  compounds that have different mechanism to decreased infection or killed microorganism cells . Plants extract which used in present study choosing according to  its ability to treated infection and low side effects and no cytotoxicity of its, also methods of extraction improved its ability to extract most of phytochemicals compounds from part of plants which used in present study. (Al-Saadi et al ., 2012, Al-Terehi et al., 2012) Materials and methods  1- Pathogenesis Candida spp : candida spp was isolation from (vaginal  , mouth and urine then it diagnosis using macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical tests. Advances in Life Science and Technology                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online) Vol.36, 2015  54 2- Antifungal susceptility L these tests performed using Nystasin, Terbinafine, Griseofulvin and Fluconazole using disc diffusion method. 3- Plants extract: The plants extracts of plant was prepared according to the method of Sato et al. (1990) with some modification.  Specific weight of the plant and it is mixed with the average I gm. to 3 ml of the solvent solution (20 %methanol: 80 % distilled water), the mixture is uniformed by electric blender for 30 minutes in room temperature. The solution is filtered by using gauze fabric for getting transudate solution. It is deride using incubator at 50 C° for 24 hours, 4- Plant extract aliquot, it prepares in  concentration (0.1 g\ml) then it sterilized using mellipor paper 0.2 mm. 5- Anti-candida activity: this  was performed using 50 mg/ml of plant extract, growth evaluation by optical density of growth culture according to  Jabor et al (2013)   RESULTS  The results show that these extracts have anti-candida activity , these activity was differences between Candida types and types of plant extract as show in table(1) and figure (1)  Table (1) show plants extract activity against candida spp. Zingiber officinale was more effect than others plant extract it causes completed inhibition to C. paracitucus, C.tropicus, C.kruzi. Other plant extracts cause decreased in growth but these decreasing was Disparity from low to semi-complete inhibition. In another hand some plants extract causes activate candida growth, Punica granutum with C. paracitucus and C.tropicus, and Origanum vulgare with C.tropicus. Other plants extract don’t effect on Candida spp. growth Origanum vulgare with C. paracitucus as show in table (1). Significance at (p > 0.05) was show in  complete inhibition of growth in C. paracitucus, C.tropicus by  Zingiber officinale and C.kruzi by  glycyrrihza glabra and Punica granutum  Table (1) Plants extracts activity against Candida spp. candida Plant extract  C. paracitucus  C. albicans  C.tropicus  C.kruzi  Positive control  1.02±0.012 0.545±0.012 0.560±0.056 0.806±0.096 Zingiber officinale 0* 0.433±0.227 0* 0* Salvia officinalis 0.157±0.157 0.355±0.355 0.433±0.433 0.283±0.283 Origanum vulgare 1.01±0.26 0 1.02±0.487 0.30±0.153  glycyrrihza glabra 0.50±0.176 0.153±0.153 0.176±0.121 0.07±0.072* Punica granutum 1.187±0.11 0.230±0.230 0.580±0.253 0.243±0.243*  Figure (1) Effect of plants extract types on Candida spp.  A, Candida paraciticus; B, C. albicans;  C, C. tropicus ; E, C.kruzi; 1, positive control ; 2, Punica granutum; 3, Salvia officinalis; 4, Zingiber officinale; 5, Origanum vulgare; 6, glycyrrihza glabra.   Advances in Life Science and Technology                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online) Vol.36, 2015  55 Discussion   Results of present study show that plants extract have ability to decreased candida spp growth, complet inhibition, don’t effect and activate candida growth, as show in table (1) Zingiber was most plant effect on candida spp it improved its ability against different pathogenic microorganism, Supreetha et al (2011) used ethanol to extract of ginger against candida albicans in vitro using disc diffusion methods at 24 and 48 hours they found that this extract have antifungal activity at 24 hours. Also the previous study recorded that ginger have different phytochemicals compounds which have antifungal antibacterial activity because it effect on different factors such as pH, nutrient ion, osmosis pressure and microenvironment of microorganisms, this compound may be causes disrupted of cellular activity of microorganism that lead to decrease of growth or killing it by oxidative dames (Hayes et al 2013) . Origanum vulgare also inhibited C. spp growth in different level , it causes completed inhibition of C albicans, Vale-Silva and others (2011) clarified  the mechanism of action of this inhibition using flow cytometry to tested different parts of Origanum vulgare phytochemicals compounds effect on cell membrane by direct effect on cell membrane lipids, thus it consider as fungicide for treated superficial infection. Essential oil of  Origanum vulgare have  significant inhibitory effect on C. albicans and C. kruzi using solid media and disc diffusion method (Souza et al ., 2007). Liquors show decreased  candida growth the review of literature recorded inhibition activity of different extract of licorice root against pathogenic bacteria and fungi Khanuja, K. (2006), this activity may be its phytochemical compound that interacted with microorganisms Al-Saadi et al (2012). Salvia officinalis oil was inhibitor pathogenesis candida spp using 15.6, 3.9, 31.3, 31.3 and 1.9 µg/m of its oil in Iran ( Badiee  et al., 2012). In Turkey Dulger and Hacioglu (2008) used ethanol extract of sage also have anti-candida ability,  sage  extract contain from α-pinene, β-pinene, β-thujone, camphor, carvacrol, lynalyl acetate ,sabinyl acetate and 1,8-cineole1these extracts may be have anti-microbial activity which were improved by previous study . Most of research using oil as antifungal thus methanol –water extract was used in present study, results improved efficacy against candida spp. Pomegranate has been used as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity, other study used different parts of Pomegranate in extract using methanol, ethanol and acetone to extract phytochemicals, (Dahham et al 2010) used it as antifungal against Aspergillus niger growth. Ahmed and Beg (2001) reported that a most of plants extracts methods including ethanol extracts of pomegranate showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In vitro studies have revealed that the extract of pomegranate inhibited the growth of oral bacteria and candida species. The present study also improved that used plant extract may be causes activated microorganisms as show in table (1)  Origanum vulgare was activate C.paraciticus and C. tropicus also Punica granutum activate C.paraccitcus , this may be because these extract have phytochemicals can activate cells nutrition, proliferation or activate some enzymatic pathway  thus use herbal medicine must be in carful uses to avoid side effects.  REFRANCES 1- Albertson, G.D., Niimi, M., Cannon, R.D. and Jenkinson, H.F. (1996) Multiple e¥ux mechanisms are evolved in Candida albicans £uconazole resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2835^2841. 2- Di Pasqua R, Hoskins N, Betts G, Mauriello G (2006). Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(6): 2745-2749. 3- Turina AV, Nolan MV, Zygadlo JA, Perillo MA (2006). Natural terpenes: self-assembly and membrane partitioning. Biophys. Chem. 122(2): 101-113. 4- Oussalah M, Caillet S, Lacroix M (2006). Mechanism of action of Spanish oregano, Chinese cinnamon, and savory essential oils against cell membranes and walls of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. J. Food Prot. 69(5): 1046-1055. 5- Arnal-Schnebelen B, Hadji-Minaglou F, Peroteau JF, Ribeyre F, de Billerbeck VG (2004). Essential oils in infectious gynaecological disease: a statistical study of 658 cases. Int. J. Aromather. 14(4): 192-197. 6- Yoon HS, Moon SC, Kim ND, Park BS, Jeong MH, Yoo YH (2000). Genistein induces apoptosis of RPE-J cells by opening mitochondrial PTP. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276(1): 151-156. 7- Al-Saadi. A.; Breesam. B. and Al-Turaihe. M. (2012) medical plants, AL radwan publisher 1st publish. 8- Al-Terehi, M. . Al Saadi , A. H. Al Ameri, Q. (2012). 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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci ,2(8): 41-Advances in Life Science and Technology                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online) Vol.36, 2015  56 48. 11-  Supreetha.S. , Sharadadevi Mannur , Sequeira Peter Simon , Jithesh Jain , Shreyas Tikare , Amit Mahuli (2011) Antifungal Activity of Ginger Extract on Candida Albicans :An In-vitro Study Journal of Dental Sciences and Research Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pages 1-5. 12- Hayes BM,  Bleackley, MR, Wiltshire JL, Anderson MA, Traven A, van der Weerden NL(2013) Identification and mechanism of action of the plant defensin NaD1 as a new member of the antifungal drug arsenal against Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. ;57(8):3667-75.  13- Vale-Silva,L., Maria-Joa˜ o Silva,1 Daniela Oliveira,1 Maria-Jose´ Gonc¸ alves,2 Carlos Cavaleiro,2 Lı´gia Salgueiro2 and Euge´nia Pinto1 (2011) Correlation of the chemical composition of essential oils from Origanum vulgare subsp. virens with their in vitro activity against pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi Journal of Medical Microbiology (2012), 61, 252–260. 14-  Souzaa, E.L. ,. Stamforda, T.L.M, Limab, E.O. , Trajanob, V.N. (2007) Effectiveness of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil to inhibit the growth of food spoiling yeasts .Food Control Volume 18, Issue 5, May 2007, Pages 409–413. 15- Khanuja, K. (2006) . Antimicrobial potential of Glycyrrihza glabra Root. CIMAP Com. J. 39.  16- Badiee1, P, Nasirzadeh A, and Motaffaf, A. (2012) Comparison of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil and  antifungal agents against candida species Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology& Drug Research. 17- Dulger,B. and Hacioglu N. 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In vivo study of antimutagenic and antioxidant activity of Glycyrrihza glabra root extract. research in pharmacy ,2,27-34      The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event management.  The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.  More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:  http://www.iiste.org  CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting platform.   Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/  All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.  Paper version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.   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Some Herbal Medicinal Plants Activity against Candida spp which Resistance to Antifungal Drugs

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Some Herbal Medicinal Plants Activity against Candida spp which Resistance to Antifungal Drugs

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