Method of weighted residual has been one of the foremost approximation solution to partial differential equation problems. In this paper a time dependent and boundary-valued strain model obtained from a PPC/CaCO3 composite experimental data was analyzed using the method of weighted residual. The Galerkin’s approach of this approximate method was applied to the model at a constant stress of 17.33 MPa. The discretization of the composite material was therefore, designed to take the form of a linear and one dimensional problem setting. Keywords: Method of Weighted Residual, PPC/CaCO3 Composite, Galerkin’s Method, Time Dependent, Boundary-Value

Gracefield.R.O, Ikwu,

Ndubuisi C, Okoli,

Nnaemeka S.P, Obuka,

Pius C, Onyechi,

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  16  Method Of Weighted Residual For Periodic Boundary Value Problem: Galerkin’s Method Approach  Obuka, Nnaemeka S.P1., Onyechi, Pius C1., Okoli, Ndubuisi C1., and Ikwu, Gracefield.R.O2. 1Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. Corresponding Author’s e-mail: silvermeks7777@yahoo.com  Abstract  Method of weighted residual has been one of the foremost approximation solution to partial differential equation problems. In this paper a time dependent and boundary-valued strain model obtained from a PPC/CaCO3 composite experimental data was analyzed using the method of weighted residual. The Galerkin’s approach of this approximate method was applied to the model at a constant stress of 17.33 MPa. The discretization of the composite material was therefore, designed to take the form of a linear and one dimensional problem setting. Keywords: Method of Weighted Residual, PPC/CaCO3 Composite, Galerkin’s Method, Time Dependent, Boundary-Value.   1. Introduction  Modern structural designs increasingly incorporate man made composite materials in applications that require components with special material properties which are unavailable from conventional metals or alloys. From the structural mechanics point of view, composites are typically used to improve either the stiffness-to-weight ratio or the strength-to-weight ratio of a structural member. The study of composite materials and structures can be undertaken from two different approaches; micromechanical and macromechanical [1]. The micromechanical approach which is the main interest of this paper, the properties of the constituent fiber and matrix materials and their interactions through stress-strain constitutive relations are analyzed in order to predict the overall behavior of the composite structural member. The composite material under analysis of its stress-strain property is a PP/CaCO3 composite, with the employment of Galerkin’s method of weighted residual of finite element analysis.  Prior to development of the Finite Element Method, there existed an approximation technique for solving differential equations called the Method of Weighted Residual (MWR) [2]. The history of the criteria to various choices of weighting functions of the approximate methods could be found in Table 1.  Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  17  TABLE I: History of Approximate Methods Date Investigator Method 1915 Galerkin [9] Galerkin method 1921 Pohlhausen  Integral method 1923 Biezeno and Koch  Subdomain method 1928 Picone  Method of least square 1932 Kravchuk [10] Method of moments 1933 Kantorovich [11] Method of reduction to ordinary differential equations 1937 Frazer, Jones and Skan [12] Collocation method 1938 Poritsky [13] Method of reduction to ordinary differential equations 1940 Repman [14] Convergence of Galerkin’s method 1941 Bickley [15] Collocation, Galerkin, least squares for initial-value problems 1942 Keldysh [16] Convergence of Galerkin’s method, steady state 1947 Yamada [17] Method of moments 1949 Faedo  Convergence of Galerkin’s method unsteady state 1953 Green [18] Convergence of Galerkin’s method unsteady state 1956 Crandall [4] Unification as method of weighted residual  The method of weighted residuals is an engineer’s tool for finding approximate solutions to the equations of change of distributed systems. The method is applicable but not limited to nonlinear and nonself adjoint problems, one of its most attractive features [3]. MWR includes many approximation methods that are being used currently. It provides a vantage point from which it is easy to see the unity of these methods as well as the relationships between them.  Some of the best early treatments of MWR are those by Crandall [4], who coined the name method of weighted residuals, Ames [5] and Collatz [6], who called these methods error-distribution principles.  Suppose we have a linear differential operator ‘D’ acting on a function ‘u’ to produce a product ‘p’.    We wish to approximate u by a function ũ, which is a linear combination of basis functions chosen from a linearly dependent set, that is;    Now, when substituted into the differential operator, D, the result of the operations is not, in general, p(x). Hence an Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  18  error or residual will exist:    The notion in the MWR is to force the residual to zero in some average sense over the domain, thus;   Where the number of weight functions Wi is exactly equal the number of unknown constants ai in ũ. The result is a set of n algebraic equations for the unknown constants ai. There are (at least) five MWR sub-methods according to the choices for the Wi’s, these include; (1) Collocation method (2) Sub-domain method (3) Least square method (4) Method of moments and (5) Galerkin method. In this paper, we are going to apply the Galerkin’s method in analyzing our obtained boundary valued data. Boundary value problems with periodic conditions appear in a number of applications, particularly in the homogenization of composite materials with a periodic microstructure [7, 8]. When such problems are soved numerically, the periodicity condition is often imposed strongly, i.e., the solution values on periodic edges are required to match exactly.  2. Analysis of Data: MWR the Galerkin’s Method  The strain model obtained from a PPC/CaCO3 composite experimental data at a constant stress of 17.33 MPa is given as follows;      Under the boundary conditions;                                                                          Where         ℰ = Strain,     t = Time in hours,     = Stress. Our initial step is to take the first and the second derivatives of the given model, thus;  Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  19   Expressing the last term on the right hand-side of equation (7) as equal to zero at t = 0, hence;  We treat this composite material under constant stress and variable strain as a linear and one dimensional problem, at fixed boundary conditions, as illustrated in Fig (1) below;                                    Discretizing this composite into six equal elements and seven nodes, as in Fig (2) below, hence, at equal time intervals of 0.5hrs for each element, thus;                  •                    •                   •                  •                     •                    •                         Therefore this system equation (8) can be modeled with a one dimensional form of Poisson’s equation, which is expressed as,  From equation (8) f(x) = 0.0050 and equation (9) can be expressed as;  F(x) ℰ (t,s) ℰ (0,s) t = 0  = 	 Fig (1) x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fig (2) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . . Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  20  Therefore,    Fig (3) shows an individual element and Fig (4) shows the approximation function (element equation) used in expressing the strain distribution along the element, and it’s related as;                                                                                                           Where N1 and N2 are linear interpolation functions expressed as, thus;   Equation (12) can be substituted into equation (11) but, as equation (11) is not the exact solution, the hand-side of the resulting equation will not be equal to zero, but will be equal to a residual “R”, thus;  The method of weighted residual (MWR) consists of finding a minimum for the residual “R” according to the general formula, below; Node 1 Node 2     ℰ ℰ ℰ̅  Fig (3) Fig (4) • • Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  21   Where     D = the solution domain                  Wi = linear independent weighting functions For the  the interpolation functions  can be employed to substitute it as the weighting functions. When these are substituted into equation (16), the result is referred to as the Galerkin’s approach, thus;  Therefore,   Re-expressed as;  Therefore,  Applying integration by parts, first on the left hand-side of the above equation (20), hence making our choices of terms;   Therefore,  The first term on the right hand-side equation (21) can evaluated by taking  and it becomes; Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  22   It has been established that  , hence;  Likewise taking   Therefore,  Substituting equations (21) through (24) back into equation (20), we obtain that; At    And,  At    And,  The left hand-side of equations (26) and (28) governs the element’s strain distribution, and in terms of the finite element method, it is the element property matrix. Recalling from equations (13) and (14), Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  23   Also from equation (12)  Substituting equations (29) and (30) into the left hand-side terms of equations (26) and (28); At    At    Combining equations (31) and (32) and expressing the out come in matrix form, thus;  We can now substitute the above result into equations (26) and (28) and expressing the result in matrix form to give us the final version of element equations starting with element 1, thus;  Assigning values to equation (33), as , creating our system topology, Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  24  TABLE 2: The System Topology for the Finite Element Segmentation Scheme from Fig (2)                    Element                                           Node Numbers                       Local             Global                           1                          1                          2                 1                  2                           2                          1                          2                 2                  3                           3                          1                          2                 3                  4                           4                          1                          2                 4                  5                           5                          1                          2                 5                  6                           6                          1                          2                 6                  7   And starting our solving with the second term of the right hand-side of equation (33), thus;  At     Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  25    And at      Then solving the left hand-side term of equation (33);  Combining the above results and substituting into the element equation (33), gives the following;  And,  Combining equations (34) and (35) gives us element 1 stiffness matrix which forms the element matrix for other elements, and since we have 6 elements and 7 nodes, we will have a system of 7 equations like the one below;   For the assembly of all elements equations, we form a Zero 7 x 7 initialized stiffness matrix, thus; Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  26   Assembly of the elements equations based on global coordinate points, hence Element 1 assembly;  After assembly of Element 2, we have;  After assembly of Element 3, we have;  After assembly of Element 4, we have; Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  27   After assembly of Element 5, we have;  After assembly of Element 6, we have;  Element 6 stiffness matrix can be re-written as below, i.e completed assembly at node 7;  The equation depicts the assembly matrix of the 6 elements at 7 nodes. Applying the initial boundary conditions, where  were given as; and computing into the assembly matrix, in order to obtain the values of  The matrix below is obtained; Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  28     Therefore using Mat lab software and algorithm, the above  matrix was solved and the following result was obtained;    Note: Above matrix could also be solved traditionally (numerically) using LU decomposition or Gaussian elimination methods.  3. Concluding Remarks  At the assumption of a linear, one dimensional periodic boundary problem, the composite was discretized into six(6) elements of 7 nodes. Through the application of the Galerkin’s method of weighted residual, the six elements’ stiffness matrices were assembled and the approximate numerical solution found.  Reference [1] Berner, J.M. (1993). Finite Element Analysis of Damage in Fibrous Composite Using a                        Micromechanical mode. Masters’ Degree in Engineering Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Califonia, U.S.A.  [2]  Grandin, H. (1991). Fundamental of the Finite Element Method, Waveland Press.  [3] Finlayson, B.A., and Scriven, L.E. (1966). The Method of Weighted Residual – a Review. Applied Mechanics Reviews, Vol. 19, No. 19, 735-748.  [4] Crandall, S.H. (1956). Engineering Analysis. McGraw Hill Publishng, AMR 12(1959), Rev. 1122.  [5] Ames, W.F. (1965). Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations in Engineering. Academic Press, AMR 19(1966), Innovative Systems Design and Engineering                                          www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013  29  Rev. 4724.  [6] Collatz, L. (1960). The Numerical Treatment of Differential Equations. Springer Press, AMR 14(1961), Rev. 1738.  [7] Bensoussan, A., Lions, J.L., and Papanicolaon, G. (1978). Assmptototic Analysis for Periodic Structures. Studies in Mathematics and its Applications, Vol. 5, North-Holland, Amsterdam.  [8] Sanchez-Palencia, E. (1980). Non-homogeneous media and vibration theory, No. 127 in Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.  [9] Galerkin, B.G., and Scerzhni, I.P. (2015). Series Occurring in Some Problems of Elastic Equilibrium of Rods and Plates. Fed. Sci. Tech. Info., 19, 897-908.  [10] Kravchuk, M.F. (1952). Application of the Method of Moments to the Solution of Linear Differential and Integral Equations. Kiev, Ukraine, UKSSR 169.  [11] Kantorovich, L.A. (1933). A Direct Method of Solving of Problem of the Minimum of a Double Integral. Int. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 5, 647-652.  [12] Frazer, R.A., Jones, W.P., and Skan, S.V. (1937). Approximations to Functions and to the Solutions of Differential Equations. Gt. Brit. Air Ministry Aero. Res. Comm. Tech. Rept. 1, 517-549.  [13] Poritzky, H. (1938). The Reduction of the Solution of Certain Partial Differential Equations to Ordinary Differential Equations. Trans. Fifth Inter. Congr. Appl. Mech., Cambridge, Mass., pp 700-707.  [14] Repman, Yu. V. (1940). A Problem in the Mathematical Foundation of Galerkin’s Method for Solving Problems on the Stability of Elastic Systems. Prikl. Mat. Mekh., 4 (2), pp 3-6.    [15] Bickley, W.G. (1941). Experiments in Approximating to the Solution of Partial Differential Equations. Phil. Mag. , 7 (32), 50-56.  [16] Keldysh, M.V. (1942). On B.G. Galerkin’s Method for the Solution of Boundary-Value Problems. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Mat., 6, 309-330.  [17] Yamada, H. (1947). A Method of Approximate Integration of the Laminar Boundary-Layer Equation. Rept. Res. Inst. Fluid Engng., Kyushu Univ., 2, 29.  [18] Green, J.W. (1953). An Expansion Method for Parabolic Partial Differential Equations. Journal Res. Natl. bur. Stds., 51, 127-132, U.S.A.  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Method Of Weighted Residual For Periodic Boundary Value Problem: Galerkin’s Method Approach

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Method Of Weighted Residual For Periodic Boundary Value Problem: Galerkin’s Method Approach

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