FUNGI ASSOCIATED THE SEEDS OF Enterolobium contortisiliquum : ANALYSIS OF INCIDENCE, CONTROL AND EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY WITH THE USE OF PLANT EXTRACTS

Abstract

Os fungos s\ue3o os principais micro-organismos associados \ue0s sementes, podendo causar danos, tanto na fase de campo, como tamb\ue9m na p\uf3s-colheita e durante o armazenamento. Nesta \ufaltima fase, a deteriora\ue7\ue3o pode ocorrer pela a\ue7\ue3o espec\uedfica de fungos, afetando a qualidade fisiol\uf3gica das sementes. A utiliza\ue7\ue3o de extratos de plantas com propriedades antimicrobianas s\ue3o alternativas ecol\uf3gicas e promissoras para substituir a prote\ue7\ue3o promovida pela aplica\ue7\ue3o de fungicidas. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar a efici\ueancia dos extratos de Allamanda blanchetti e Momordica charantia nas concentra\ue7\uf5es de 10, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm sobre a micoflora e germina\ue7\ue3o em sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum. As sementes foram coletadas em diferentes munic\uedpios do estado da Para\uedba (Areia, Arara, Conde e Sobrado). Os lotes foram submetidos a testes de sanidade e de germina\ue7\ue3o. A avalia\ue7\ue3o da incid\ueancia de fungos foi feita a partir da visualiza\ue7\ue3o dos fungos atrav\ue9s do m\ue9todo de papel de filtro. Utilizaram-se no teste de sanidade 100 sementes por tratamento, as quais foram imersas em 20 mL dos extratos por cinco minutos, em seguida incubadas em placas de Petri sobre dupla camada de papel de filtro. No teste de germina\ue7\ue3o utilizaram-se 200 sementes, distribu\ueddas em papel germitest e germinadas \ue0 temperatura de 30 \ub1 2\ub0C. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Constatou-se nas sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum os fungos: Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus , Rhizopus stolonifer , Penicillium , Curvularia lunata , Nigrospora sp. e ,Cladosporium sp. Os extratos de Allamanda blanchetti e Momordica charantia nas concentra\ue7\uf5es de 500 e 1000 ppm causaram redu\ue7\ue3o da frequ\ueancia dos fungos. O extrato de Momordica charantia nas concentra\ue7\uf5es de 500 e 1000 ppm proporcionou o aumento na germina\ue7\ue3o e primeira contagem, al\ue9m de reduzir o percentual de sementes mortas.The fungi are main micro-organisms associated with seeds, may cause damages, both in the field but also post-harvest and during storage. In this last phase, deterioration can occur by the action of specific fungi, affecting their physiological quality. The use of plant extracts with antimicrobial properties are promising and environmentally friendly alternatives to replace the protection promoted by fungicide application. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of extracts of Allamanda blanchetti and Momordica charantia in concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm on mycoflora and germination in seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum. Seeds were collected in different municipalities in the state of Paraiba (Areia, Arara, Conde and Sobrado). The lots were tested for germination and sanity. The evaluation of the incidence of fungus was made from the visualization of fungi by the method of incubation blotter test. Was used the health test 100 seeds per treatment which were immersed in 20 mL of extracts for five minutes, incubated in then Petri dishes on double layer of filter paper. 200 seeds were used in the germination test, with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment, divided into germitest paper and germinated at temperatures of 30 \ub1 2\ub0C. The experimental design was completely randomized. It was found in the seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum the following fungi: Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus , Rhizopus stolonifer , Penicillium sp., Curvularia lunata , Nigrospora sp. and Cladosporium sp. The extracts of Allamanda blanchetti and Momordica charantia at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm caused a reduction in the frequency of fungi. The extract of Momordica charantia at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm provided an increase in germination and first count, and reduce the percentage of dead seeds