Hance, Jonte R

Rarity, John G

English

We extend exchange-free imaging to polarimetry of a polarising object. This allows imaging of these samples with far less absorbed energy - a key concern when imaging with high-frequency radiation

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                          Hance, J. R., & Rarity, J. G. (2022). Exchange-Free Polarimetry of aPolarising Object. Abstract from Optica Optical Sensors and SensingCongress, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.Peer reviewed versionLink to publication record in Explore Bristol ResearchPDF-documentThis is the accepted author manuscript (AAM).University of Bristol - Explore Bristol ResearchGeneral rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only thepublished version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available:http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/Exchange-Free Polarimetry of a PolarisingObjectJonte R. Hance, John RarityQuantum Engineering Technology Laboratories, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1US, UKjonte.hance@bristol.ac.ukAbstract: We extend exchange-free imaging to polarimetry of a polarising object. Thisallows imaging of these samples with far less absorbed energy - a key concern when imag-ing with high-frequency radiation. © 2022 The Author(s)Interaction-free detection involves using single-particle interferometry to detect whether or not there is a blockon the arm of an interferometer the particle didn’t travel down. Elitzur and Vaidman initially described this phe-nomenon in their famous ‘bomb detector thought experiment’, where there is a chance to see whether a potentiallyfaulty bomb works without detonating it [1]. Kwiat et al then refined this using the Quantum Zeno effect, to reducethe chance of the particle going down the arm with the blocker (or bomb) to effectively zero [2]. However, whilethis phenomena has been developed to great effect for both classical [3–6] and quantum [7–9] communication, sofar interaction-free measurement has only been deployed to image the presence/absence (or opacity/transparency)of an object [10–18]. In this paper, we extend this powerful tool to the detection of polarising effects in a givensample. We do this while still maintaining the key benefits of the exchange-free/quantum Zeno coupled approach- low photon flux/energy absorption by the object being imaged.To achieve exchange-free polarimetry, we start with an apparatus similar to that used to counterfactually ghostimage objects in [14], but arranged both to allow the probing of an object with different polarisations of light,and for the intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) cameras to receive the photon from the counterfactual pro-tocol directly, with what was the ghost-path in [14] now being used for polarisation-based heralding. We give anapparatus for this in Fig.1.In this protocol, we use a polarisation and position-momentum entangled pair of photons, sending one photonto our chained common-path Michelson interferometer array (the imaging photon), with the object to be imaged inone path, while sending the other photon goes to our variable polarising beamsplitter (PBS) (the heralding photon),where we can choose a polarisation basis to image the object in. On exiting the 1:1 beamsplitter, the imagingphoton enters a common-path version of Salih et al’s 2013 protocol [3], designed to maintain pixel coherence. Thetwo outputs corresponding to the photon being blocked or not blocked by the object (D0 and D1, following thenomenclature in [4]), then have variable polarisers placed in front of them, to allow a detection polarisation to bechosen (H, V , D, A, R or L).The variable-PBS (heralding) arm uses a quarter wave, then half-wave, then another quarter wave plate to rotatethe photon from the imaging basis (either H/V , D/A or R/L) into the H/V basis, then using a normal PBS. Wethen record the correlations between either of the two ICCD and either of the two polarisation-basis detectors(DX and DY ). By building up correlation-based images of the object in each of the three mutually unbiased bases(MUBs) which exist for polarisation (e.g. H/V , D/A, L/R), we can slowly build up polarisation statistics for theobject - allowing us to derive the Mueller matrices for each of the pixel-regions of the object.In this paper, we gave an extension of counterfactual imaging to imaging of polarising objects. This allowsfar better imaging of these samples than is currently available, with far less absorbed energy - a key concern fordelicate samples being imaged with high-frequency radiation.Acknowledgements This work was supported by the University of York’s EPSRC DTP grant EP/R513386/1, theEPSRC Quantum Communications Hub (funded by the EPSRC grant EP/M013472/1), and QuantIC - The UKQuantum Technology Hub in Quantum Imaging (funded by the EPSRC grant EP/T00097X/1).References1. A. C. Elitzur and L. Vaidman, “Quantum mechanical interaction-free measurements,” Found. Phys. 23,987–997 (1993).2. P. Kwiat, H. Weinfurter, T. Herzog, A. Zeilinger, and M. A. Kasevich, “Interaction-free measurement,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4763–4766 (1995).3. H. Salih, Z.-H. Li, M. Al-Amri, and M. S. Zubairy, “Protocol for direct counterfactual quantum communi-cation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 170502 (2013).Fig. 1. Protocol for using an entangled photon pair to image a transparent, potentially polarisedobject, using interaction free measurement and the quantum Zeno effect to reduce photon flux on(and so energy absorbed by) the object. The variable polarising beamsplitter (PBS) allows us to picka polarisation basis to image in (e.g. H/V , D/A, R/L), by using half-wave plates to rotate from thatbasis into the H/V basis, then applying a standard H/V polarising beamsplitter. As the number ofinterferometer runs N (inner) and M (outer) goes to infinity, the probability of the photon interactingwith the transparent object goes to 0.4. H. Salih, W. McCutcheon, J. R. Hance, and J. Rarity, “Do the laws of physics prohibit counterfactualcommunication?” arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.01257 (2018).5. J. Hance, W. McCutcheon, P. Yard, and J. Rarity, “Modal, truly counterfactual communication with on-chip demonstration proposal,” in Quantum Information and Measurement (QIM) V: Quantum Technologies,(Optical Society of America, 2019), p. T5A.50.6. J. R. Hance, J. Ladyman, and J. Rarity, “How quantum is quantum counterfactual communication?” Found.Phys. 51, 12 (2021).7. H. Salih, “Protocol for counterfactually transporting an unknown qubit,” Front. Phys. 3, 94 (2016).8. H. Salih, J. R. Hance, W. McCutcheon, T. Rudolph, and J. Rarity, “Exchange-free computation on anunknown qubit at a distance,” New J. Phys. 23, 013004 (2021).9. H. Salih, J. R. Hance, W. McCutcheon, T. Rudolph, and J. Rarity, “Deterministic teleportation and universalcomputation without particle exchange,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.05564 (2020).10. A. G. White, J. R. Mitchell, O. Nairz, and P. G. Kwiat, ““interaction-free” imaging,” Phys. Rev. A 58,605–613 (1998).11. J.-P. Wolf and Y. Silberberg, “Spooky spectroscopy,” Nat. Photonics 10, 77–79 (2016).12. Y. Zhang, A. Sit, F. Bouchard, H. Larocque, F. Grenapin, E. Cohen, A. C. Elitzur, J. L. Harden, R. W. Boyd,and E. Karimi, “Interaction-free ghost-imaging of structured objects,” Opt. Express 27, 2212–2224 (2019).13. Y. Chen, Y.-J. Cai, X.-T. Li, K. Huang, J.-M. Liu, and E. Wu, “Interaction-free quantum spectroscopy,”Adv. Photonics Res. p. 2000206 (2021).14. J. R. Hance and J. Rarity, “Counterfactual ghost imaging,” npj Quantum Inf. 7, 1–7 (2021).15. J. R. Hance and J. Rarity, “Ghost imaging counterfactually,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics,(Optical Society of America, 2021), p. JTu3A.14.16. J. R. Hance and J. Rarity, “Ghost imaging exchange-free,” in 2021 Conference on Lasers and Electro-OpticsEurope European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), (2021), pp. 1–1.17. J. R. Hance and J. Rarity, “Ghost imaging counterfactually,” in Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2021,(Optical Society of America, 2021), p. FM5C.2.18. J. R. Hance and J. Rarity, “Exchange-free ghost imaging,” in OSA Optical Sensors and Sensing Congress2021 (AIS, FTS, HISE, SENSORS, ES), (Optical Society of America, 2021), p. SW5F.5.

Exchange-Free Polarimetry of a Polarising Object

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Exchange-Free Polarimetry of a Polarising Object

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