Kajava, Mika

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ARCTOSActA PhilologicA FennicAVOL. XLVIHelsinki 2012INDEX919335359657995115137187193239253345351361luigi ArAtA  Erbe leporine nella medicina greca anticachrister Bruun  New Prosopographical Data Derived from Roman Lead Pipe InscriptionsroBert connAl Rational Mutiny in the Year of Four Emperorsulrike ehmig &  Harmonia mundi – Eine indigene Gottheit, griechischerudolF hAensch  Mythologie und römische ÜbernahmemikA kAjAvA  wa-no (kn Ch 5724)tuA korhonen  On Human-Animal Sexual Relationships in Aelian's Natura AnimaliummiikA kuhA  Note intorno alla tradizione manoscritta di Chronica Venetiarum di Benintendi de' RavagnanichristiAn lAes  Latin Inscriptions and the Life Course. Regio III (Bruttium and Lucania ) as a Test CasemikA rissAnen  The Hirpi sorani and the Wolf Cults of Central Italyolli sAlomies  The Nomina of the Samnites. A ChecklistFederico sAntAngelo  sullanus and sullaniheikki solin  Analecta epigraphica CCLXXII-CCLXXXVmArgAritA sotiriou  Bacchylides Behind His Metamorphoses: The Poetic Identity of a Lyric Narrator in the late 5th century BCDe novis libris iudiciaIndex librorum in hoc volumine recensorumLibri nobis missiIndex scriptorum Arctos 46 (2012) 59–63wa-no (KN Ch 5724)mikA kAjAvAIn my recent discussion of the series of Mycenaean ox names from Knossos (Arc-tos 45 [2011] 59–70), I suggested that ]-pa-ko (KN Ch 5728) could be interpreted as re]-pa-ko, "White-coated", "White-flanked" (≈ Λέπαργος, which is attested as an ox name in post-Homeric poetry). I also mentioned in passing another mys-terious name from the same set of tablets, i.e., Ch 5724+6005+frr ]qe wa-no-qe BOSm ZE 1[ (for a good photograph, see CoMIK III, p. 121). After the ox dossier was already in print, a hypothesis regarding this case occurred to me. Given that almost all the ox names in the Knossos series somehow indicate the physical ap-pearance of the animals, their colouring in particular, it is a plausible guess that wa-no served to identify an ox in a similar fashion.1 if wa-no is not completely unrelated to what is known from other ancient sources, I wonder if this enigmatic ox name could have a connection with the rare Homeric adjective ἦνοψ, which is found three times as the epithet ("shining, gleaming") of χαλκός in the phrase ἤνοπι χαλκῷ.2 This word, a formation in * My thanks go to an anonymous referee for a useful observation.1 J.-P. Olivier, in L. R. Palmer – J. Chadwick (eds.), Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies (1966), 82, tentatively proposed associating wa-no(-qe) with the Pylian toponym PY Cn 40.1–4, 599.1.6 wa-no-jo wo-wo, "(at) the boundary of wa-no", the first element of which may disclose the genitive of a male name (and not the gen. ϝάρνοιο, "lamb", as is sometimes suggested). Cf. L. Godart – Y. Tzedakis, CRAI 1993, 240, commenting on the possibility of a connection between the Knossos case and "lamb": "on ne peut s'empêcher de souligner que l'ensemble de la série suggère plutôt des correspondants grecs évoquant des noms de couleur". — On wa-no-qe (DiccMic II 406), cf. further Y. Duhoux, in Les zoonymes. Actes du colloque international tenu à Nice les 23, 24 et 25 janvier 1997 (Publ. Fac. Lettr. Nice n.s. 38), 178: "hapax d'interprétation ambiguë"; I. Hajnal – E. Risch(†), Grammatik des mykenischen Griechisch (publication in preparation: http://www.uibk.ac.at/sprachen-literaturen/sprawi/mykgr.html#10), 175 n. 333: "rätselhaft". 2  It must be duly noted that, because of the unlikely connection between wa-no and ἀρήν, ἀρνός (cf. n. 1), a reference to Hom. ἦνοψ was tentatively suggested long ago by Anna Morpurgo Mika Kajava60-οψ, is evidently based on the element *ϝην- of unknown origin (for the obvious influence of the digamma,3 see Hom. Il. 16,408: καὶ ἤνοπι χαλκῷ; Il. 18,349 = Od. 10,360: ἐνὶ ἤνοπι χαλκῷ). notwithstanding the problem that one cannot show conclusively that η (in ἦνοψ) represents ā, and not an original ē,4 there is a good possibility that wa-no could be understood as /ṷānos/ (≈ *ϝην-ος) with initial wa > (ϝ)η.5 Semantic and contextual analysis of the use of both ἦνοψ and the Mycenaean ox names, in particular, might point in this direction. Although the following discussion does not solve the etymology of these words, it may cast some light on their meaning, thus hopefully providing further information about how the Mycenaean palace administration labelled the oxen in its possession.6While ἦνοψ characterized the shine of metal objects, be they bronze fish-hooks (Hom. Il. 16,408) or copper vessels for boiling (Il. 18,349 = Od. 10,360), it also suggested the metals' golden-brown colouring.7 in this sense, it may be compared with two further Homeric -οψ adjectives, i.e., νῶροψ (of obscure deri-vation, but suggesting "brightness" in some way)8 and αἶθοψ, both appearing in Davies in her discussion of the treatment of the syllabic /۪r/ in Mycenaean: Atti e Memorie 1° Congr. intern. micenologia (1968), 811: "Would a connection with Homeric ἦνοψ be possible?" (not objected to by Hugo Mühlestein in the subsequent discussion: p. 814). However, as she did not pursue the issue further, the idea seems to have been forgotten (noticed in square brackets by l. Baumbach, Glotta 49 [1971] 158, s.v. ἀρήν).3  Observed by P. Chantraine, Grammaire homérique I (1948), 152. Further, Frisk, Gr. etym. Wörterb. I (1960), 638: "sonst unklar"; Chantraine, Dict. etym. gr. (1968), 414: "l'élément radical est inexpliqué"; Beekes, Etym. Dict. of Greek I (2010), 521: "further unclear". 4  Note, interestingly, J. Charpentier, ZVS 40 = n. F. 20 (1907) 452 n. 2: "oder eher is vielleicht ion. ἦνοψ ein urgr. *νοψ" (with untenable further reconstruction).5  Cf., e.g., PN wa-do-me-no in PY Vn 130.5: /hṷādomenos/ ≈ Ἡδόμενος, and Corinna, PMG 654, col. IV, 7: ϝἅδο[μη]. 23: ϝ̣ἅδομή, with M. l. West, ZPE 113 (1996) 23.6  For the notion that the oxen of the KN Ch series were beasts of burden (and not animals destined for sacrifice), see the literature cited in Arctos 45 (2011) 60 n. 4 (esp. J. T. Killen, Minos n. s. 27–28 [1992–93] 102–3; add Id., Aevum 72 [1998] 21; J. Weilhartner, Minos n. s. 37–38 [2002–03] 257–62). 7  It was typical of the various Greek terms denoting brightness and gleam to add associations of appropriate colours. For ἀργής / ἀργός, and the derivatives, see Arctos 45 (2011) 65–6. – Commentators usually glossed ἦνοψ as λαμπρός; for some fantastic explanations, cf. Apoll. soph. Lex. Hom. 84,18 (Bekker): ἤνοπα τὸν δυσαντοφθάλμητον διὰ λαμπρότητα οἷον ἄνοπα, and eusth. ad Hom. Od. 10,360 (vol. I, p. 385): Ἦνοψ δὲ καὶ νῦν χαλκὸς ἢ ὁ ἔμφωνος ὡς καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ καλῶς ἐγράφη ἢ ὁ διαυγὴς, δι’ οὗ ἔστιν ἐνοπτρίζεσθαι.8  scholiasts referred to brightness and to the blinding effect it caused, e.g., eusth. ad Hom. Il. 2,578 (I, p. 451, 28–30): Νώροπα δὲ χαλκὸν λέγει τὸν λαμπρὸν καὶ στερίσκοντα τοῦ ὁρᾶν, wa-no (KN Ch 5724) 61the dative (and the former also in the accusative) as epithets of χαλκός in similar contexts, and thus presumably semantically close to, or coinciding with, ἤνοπι χαλκῷ. Of these, αἶθοψ, perhaps originally associated with the bright and yel-low/yellow-red fire (Hom. αἴθομαι, "burn, blaze"), is not only the most common (also used for wine, smoke, etc.), but also has the variants αἴθων and αἰθός.9 The former is used in Homer for oxen, horses, lions and eagles (and for a fox in Pind. Ol. 11,20), in probable reference to the animals' shining and tawny colouring, and the latter occurs in later poetry denoting, e.g., "red-brown" spiders (Bacch. fr. 4,70) and the "dusky" hide of the Calydonian wild boar (Bacch. 5,124). Moreo-ver, both Αἴθων and Αἴθη (Agamemnon's mare) are names of (probably) "bright bay" (and "sleek-coated") horses in Homer. Not surprisingly, Αἴθōν, "Shiny", is a horse name on early Corinthian pottery.10῏Ηνοψ also occurs in post-Homeric poetry. While used for the "bright" sky by Callimachus in his Hecale fr. 18.2 (Hollis = 238 Pf.; οὐρανὸς ἦνοψ), the word appears as a term for colour in fr. 102 (Hollis = 277 Pf.), which tells about "elderly cows eating poppy flowers and golden wheat" (βόες ἧχι γέγειαι / ἄνθεα μήκωνός τε καὶ ἤνοπα πυρὸν ἔδουσι, perhaps of a sacred herd of cattle).11 Here ἦνοψ seems to bring out the "bright golden" colour of the wheat which, together with the red poppies, creates an impressive combination of colour tones. suda η 399, s.v. ἦνοψ, duly glossed the epithet with τουτέστι πυρρὸν σῖτον.12Although the evidence is hypothetical, perhaps wa-no (≈ *ϝην-ος) then was used in the palace records of Knossos to identify a draft ox with "golden-brown" or "red-brown" coat. The possibility exists, moreover, that wa-no was οἷα δυσωπουμένης τῆς ὄψεως πρὸς τὴν λαμπρότητα· ἔστι γὰρ στερητικὸν μὲν τὸ νω, ὁρᾶν δὲ τὸ βλέπειν, ἐξ οὗ ὁ νῶροψ. Cf. Nonn. Dion. 32,14: νώροπι πέπλῳ. The phrase νώροπι χαλκῷ in Christodorus' ekphrasis, A.P. 2,1,78 (late 5th/early 6th century), obviously draws on Homer and nonnus. 9  Detailed discussion in H. Dürbeck, Zur Charakteristik der griechischen Farbenbezeichnungen (1977), 177–86. Meaning of αἶθ-: R. Beekes, Glotta 73 (1995–96) 12–34 (passim): "bright", "burning" (but not "burnt").10  R. Wachter, Non-Attic Greek Vase Inscriptions (2001), 44 (COR 16), 70–1 (COR 57 inscr. Αἔθōν).11  A. Rengakos, ZPE 94 (1992) 40 (on Hom. words in Callimachus). See also, writing in Homeric tone, nonn. Dion. 2,595 = 18,91 (ἤνοπι κόσμῳ, "dazzling decoration"); 8,195 (ἤνοπι δίφρῳ, "gleaming seat").12  The image was perceptively captured in words by R. Reitzenstein, in Index lectionum in Academia Rostochiensi sem. hib. a. 1890/91... publice privatimque habendarum (1891), p. 13: "lepide autem descripsit flavam segetem rubris papaveris floribus distinctam". Mika Kajava62also a man's name, perhaps identifiable in the Pylian toponym wa-no-jo wo-wo (cf. above n. 1). Adjectives of colour were also used by the Mycenaean Greeks as personal human names,13 and they sometimes occur as names of both men and oxen. Thus ko-so-u-to ≈ Ξοῦθος, an ox name ("Tawny" [prop. yellowish-grey or ash yellow]) in Knossos (KN Ch 900), appears as the name of a smith in Pylos (PY Jn 389.13), perhaps referring to his hair colour. Similarly, the Mycenaean personal names ka-sa-to ≈ Ξάνθος ("Blond, Fair" [yellow, brownish, auburn]) and pu-wo ≈ Πύρρος ("Tawny" [red, yellowish-red/brown]), describing, in some sense, either hair or skin or both, are given as denominations for oxen and other animals in alphabetic Greek.14 They may have been used to mark the colouring of Mycenaean oxen as well. Whether an early form corresponding to Hom. ἦνοψ was ever used in My-cenaean Greek is unknown, but surely it could have been. However, as there is no etymology for *ϝην nor for wa-no either, such a hypothetical word remains beyond reach. But if there is the sort of semantic connection between ἦνοψ (< *ϝῆν-οψ) and wa-no suggested here, then one might think of a possessive com-pound in /-ōkṷ-s/ comparable to PN po-ki-ro-qo /Poikilōkṷs/ PY Anm 654.12, Aq 64.8, Jo 438.22, "having coloured eyes/face", "Freckle-faced (?)" (cf., e.g., with a nominal first member, the ox name wo-no-qo-so /ṷoinōkṷs/ KN Ch 897 and 1015, "Wine-dark" [prop. "(with) wine(-coloured) eyes/face", "looking (like) wine"; cf. οἶνοψ).15 Could it be that */ṷān-ōkṷ-s/ (or, as an o-stem, */ṷān-ōkṷ-o-s/)16 denoted someone having a "tawny face", or "dark and gleaming eyes", whatever the exact meaning and origin of the "colour item" */ṷān/ may have been? The problem is, 13  e.g., e-ru-to-ro ≈ ῎Ερυθρος, ka-ra-u-ko ≈ Γλαῦκος, ka-sa-to ≈ Ξάνθος, pu-wo [also f. pu-wa] ≈ Πύρρος, re-u-ko ≈ Λεῦκος; see J. Chadwick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek2 (1973), 96 (references in the glossary). 14  Ξάνθος, Πύρϝος, Λεῦϙος and Γλαῦϙος (cf. previous note), for instance, are all documented as names of horses on early Corinthian pottery or pinakes. Of these, Ξάνθος was rather popular, being also found on Chalcidian vases (a general survey is in Wachter [cit. n. 10], 261–2). 15  Homer frequently calls the sea "wine-dark", but the epithet is also applied to a pair of ploughing oxen, βόε οἴνοπε (Il. 13,703; Od. 13,32), and is found as a man's name in Od. 21,144 (Leiodes, the sacrificial priest for the suitors of Penelope, and the first to attempt to string the bow, was the son of Oinops). Although the interpretation is often accepted (cf. DiccMic ii 444), wo-no-qo-so hardly means "with wine-dark croup" (*/ṷoinokṷ-orsos/). 16  For Mycenaean compound names with either /˚ōkṷ-/ or /˚ōkṷ-o-/ as the second element, see M. Buzalkovska-Aleksova, in S. Deger-Jalkotzy – S. Hiller – O. Panagl (eds.), Floreant Studia Mycenaea. Akten X. Myk. Coll. Salzburg 1995 (1999), I, 182–3; J. L. García Ramón, Faventia 30 (2008) 38 (with a discussion of e-ro2-qo PY Ea 29, 325, 813, probably to be interpreted as a possessive compound: *eri-ōkṷ(o)s, "que tiene gran ojo"). wa-no (KN Ch 5724) 63however, that, in the case of ἦνοψ, not only the etymology of *ϝην, but also the derivation of the element -οψ remains opaque with no necessary relation to *-ōkṷ, "eye", "face". Given such uncertainty, one might do well to opt for a compound personal name formed (somewhat freely, like the "abbreviated" compounds) with the onomastic suffix /-os/.17 This is all speculation, though, with little relevance to the above semantic analysis of the Mycenaean wa-no. University of Helsinki17  "Abbreviated" forms of compounds: J. L. García Ramón, in Y. Duhoux – A. Morpurgo Davies (eds.), A Companion to Linear B. Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World ii (2011), 222. – On Myc. compounds in general, see F. M. J. Waanders, An Analytic Study of Mycenaean Compounds: Structure, Types (2008). 

wa-no (KN Ch 5724)

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wa-no (KN Ch 5724)

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