Ernstoff, Alexi

Fantke, Peter

Jolliet, O.

Online Research Database In Technology

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017Prioritizing consumer product categories based on exposure estimatesErnstoff, Alexi; Fantke, Peter; Jolliet, O.Published in:Abstract book - SETAC Europe 23rd Annual MeetingPublication date:2013Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordLink back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Ernstoff, A., Fantke, P., & Jolliet, O. (2013). Prioritizing consumer product categories based on exposureestimates. In Abstract book - SETAC Europe 23rd Annual Meeting (pp. 56-57)the toluene exposure indoors to the total life cycle impact of a magazine(44%), we demonstrated that the indoor compartment requires particularattention and that RA and LCA results provide complementaryinformation.215 Volatile Chlorinated Solvents from Consumer Products:Emissions to Exposures     W.J. Doucette, T. Wetzel, Utah StateUniversity / Utah Water Research Laboratory; E. Dettenmaier, K.Gorder, Hill Air Force Base.  Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),including many with documented short- and long-term adverse healtheffects, can enter indoor environments through internal (i.e. consumerproducts, building materials) and external sources (i.e. vapor intrusionfrom contaminated groundwater). Indoor air concentrations of VOCsvary widely, but concentrations of most VOCs are consistently higherindoors than outdoors. Many consumer products such as adhesives andcleaning solvents contain volatile chlorinated organic compounds(cVOCs) such as trichloroethene (TCE) tetrachloroethene (PCE) that arealso the focus of soil and groundwater cleanups in the USA and Europe.In this study, emissions rates of volatile chlorinated solvents fromseveral consumer products (opened and unopened) including adhesives(PCE), cleaning solvents (TCE), household cleaning products (CCl4)and molded plastic objects (1,2-DCA) were measured using a flow-through laboratory chamber approach. Measured emission rates variedfrom 0.001 to 20 ug/min depending on the product and CVOC.Subsequent screening-level calculations suggested that the emissionsfrom some these items could lead to indoor concentrations high enoughto be of regulatory concern. To verify this, several controlled releaseexperiments were conducted in an actual residence. Consumer productswere introduced into a single room of the test residence and indoor airconcentrations of CVOCs were measured throughout the house overtime using sorbent tube sampling followed by thermal desorption gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and/or a portable GC/MS.Measured indoor air concentrations of PCE and TCE and peaked withinthe “source” room and became relatively uniform throughout the residencewithin several hours after being circulated through the heating,ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Both opened andunopened consumer products emitted signifiant amounts of chlorinatedsolvents that could confound VI investigations. Initial indoor airconcentrations of chlorinated solvents were highest in the room wherethe consumer products were introduced but were quickly and uniformlydistributed throughout the three level house when circulated with theHVAC system. The measured emission rates could be used along with asimple box model to estimate exposure concentrations after “mixing” withthe HVAC system.216 The Fate of PBDEs in The Use and Waste Phases FollowingChanges of PBDE Levels in Products; An SFA Application     A.Golnoush, University of Toronto / Geography; A. Buser, ETH Zurich;M.L. Diamond, University of Toronto / Department of Earth Sciences. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are synthetic additives which arewidely used to reduce the flammability in consumer products. Due totheir persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties, somerepresentative of BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) were regulated or phased out in Europe and North America.Despite the global decline in the use of PBDEs, the large inventory offlame retarded products will continue to contribute to emissions of thesecompounds into indoor and then outdoor environments. Further, "old"PBDEs may return in new consumer products fabricated with recycledmaterials. In this study, a substance flow analysis (SFA) was used tocharacterize the flow of PBDEs from product inventory to thesurrounding environment. This system is built upon a detailed dynamicinventory of flame retardant products for North America (US andCanada). The results show the changing PBDE inventory over time inthe use and waste phases as a result of changes in PBDE levels inconsumer products. The outcome of this study can be served as arational basis for planning systematic action and measures to reduce ofthe use and human exposure to these substances.217 Evaluation of the Stockholm Multimedia URban Fate (SMURF)model – application to BDE 209 and two phthalate esters     A.P. PalmCousins, Natural Resources and Environmental Effects; T. Holmgren,Umea University / Department of Chemistry; M. Remberger, IVLSwedish Environmental Research Institute / Natural Resources andEnvironmental Effects.  The indoor environment has been proposed toplay an important role for release of SVOCs to urban air as a result ofemissions from consumer products. Cousins (2012) recently studied thecontribution of emissions indoors to outdoor pollution using an indoor-inclusive multimedia fate model (SMURF). The aim of this study was toevaluate the SMURF model using realistic emission estimates and realmonitoring data and through uncertainty analysis. The SMURF model isa steady state, 8-compartment multimedia fate model parameterized forthe municipality of Stockholm. The model incorporates a novel indoormodule representing the indoor environment of Stockholm. Evaluationwas conducted using emission estimates of DINP, DEHP and BDE 209based on data from literature and from new emission tests studying theemissions of DINP from PVC materials. Measurements in urban air andventilation outlets were performed and used in combination withliterature data for comparison with model predicted concentrations.Predicted concentrations agreed well with monitoring data forphthalates, but BDE 209 concentrations were a factor of 100 too low,indicating that current emission estimates for BDE 209 do not captureall the important sources. Emission to indoor air, backgroundconcentration and ventilation rate were influential inputs for the variancein the target outputs for all substances. The wet removal rate contributedsignificantly to the variability in dust concentration. The indoor verticaldeposition contributed to the variance in all target outputs for BDE 209,reflecting the capacity of BDE 209 to partition to particles, thusemphasizing that particle behaviour is central for the fate of BDE 209.Cousins, A.P. 2012 The effect of the indoor environment on the fate oforganic chemicals in the urban landscape. Science of The TotalEnvironment. 438(0): p. 233-241.218 Prioritizing consumer product categories based on exposureestimates     A. Ernstoff, School of Public Health, University ofMichigan; P. Fantke, Technical University of Denmark; O. Jolliet,University of Michigan / School of Public Health.  Data on exposure toconsumer products and the chemicals therein is limited and costly toobtain. To prioritize mitigation efforts on chemicals and consumerproduct categories of concern, we must systematically predict dominantconsumer product exposure pathways for a range of chemicals evenwhen empirical data are absent. In this study we present a riskassessment framework for modeling cumulative exposure to consumerproducts with the end goal of identifying the contribution of eachexposure pathway. We investigate a case study of parabens (methyl-,ethyl-, butyl-, and propyl-) in dermally applied cosmetics. Dermalexposure to cosmetics is often not considered in risk assessment andevaluation of cumulative exposure with respect to population scale invivo chemical concentrations. To validate our predictitions of consumerexposure we compare modeled results with in vivo US National Healthand Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES data, and provide insightto develop a consistent and accurate evaluation of chemical exposuresthrough various consumer product uses. Results suggest our methodmay aid predicting consumer exposure (specifically the 95%-ile ofconsumer exposure for women) to chemicals, like parabens, found incosmetics. Estimated doses for daily use range from 0.001 to 0.04mg/kg/day, and urine loads, extrapolated from NHANES in vivo data,are at comparible magnitude. Paraben-specific predicted doses correlatebest with NHANES 95%-ile for women especially when considering themaximum likely concentration of each respective paraben (R2=0.60).Most importantly, predicted doses best correlate with urinary loads(95%-ile for women) when adjusting the dose by the relative occurencein paraben-containing cosmetics (R2?0.97) across ranges of likelyconcentrations within the products. Using an advanced skin permeabilitymodel to estimate systemic absorption through skin does not improveprediction of urinary excretion. As parabens are also present in somefoods, oral exposure must also be considered; however, is likelynegligible in comparison to dermal exposure to cosmetics. Urinary dosesof CP-related chemicals are orders of magnitude higher than exposure to56SETAC Europe 23rd Annual Meetingmany environmental contaminants, this considered with our findingssuggests dermal exposure to cosmetics is an exposure route categorywhich must be prioritized within the overall framework for calculatinghuman exposure to chemicals in consumer products.219 Comparison of generic modelling of emissions from differentmaterial sources     T. Holmgren, Umea University / National CBRNDefence Centre; P. Andersson, Umea University; P. Haglund,Department of Chemistry.  Building materials and consumer goodscontain organic additives that may be released to indoor air and reachthe environment. In this study, 2 generic models were developed andcompared with experimental data. Three cases was studied: emissions ofdi-isononyl phthalate (DINP) from vinyl flooring to air, triphenylphosphate (TPP) from LCD-TVs to air, and leaching of triisobutylphosphate (TiBP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) from concrete to water.Emissions to air were studied using a 1m3 emission chamber. Four vinylfloors and a 32-inch LCD-TV were tested; the TV at various conditions(standby, on, 40°C, and 60°C). Exhaust air was sampled on PUFs for 10days, test object removed, and chamber heated to recover residues.Concrete leaching tests were made using 9 concrete cylinders, 3 withTIBP, 3 with TBP, and 3 without additive. Water was circulated aroundcylinders for 16 weeks. Samples (daily/weekly) were extracted withhexane and analysed with GC-MS and GC-FPD. The generic modelused to predict emissions used an Abraham solubility model to estimatepartition, the Piringer equation to predict diffusion and theChilton–Colburn analogy to estimate convective mass transfer. Emissionfactors were calculated using a numeric solution and a simplified modelthat do not consider material diffusion resistance. When additiveconcentration is high and additive volatility low the depletion of thematerial surface is insignificant and diffusion in the material of lowimportance. This was clearly the case for the LCD, Figure 1, in whichTPP are added at high concentration to the front layer of the LCD-screen. It was, however, not the case for the vinyl materials for whichthe simplified model overestimated the emissions. For such thickmaterials the material resistance to mass transfer had to be consideredand the detailed model used. For concrete, the prediction models did notfit experimental data. In hardened cement, capillary pores and cracks areformed that disturbs the cement structure. Experiments showed an initialrelease of 4200 µg TiBP /m2h, which rapidly dropped to 10 µg/m2 h. Theinitial release could be explained through a porosity model and the lowerlong time release through diffusion theory.220 An overview on emerging contaminants     J. Readman, .   221 The integration of chemistry with toxicological testing inEuropean systems     M. Lamoree, Chemistry & Biology.   222 Effects of multistressors and bioinvasions in estuaries andcoastal areas: implications for ecological risk assessment     L.Guilhermino, CIIMAR University of Porto.   223 Alternative flame retardants in the coastal and marineenvironment     R. Ebinghaus, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht.   224 What Defines Nanomaterials? - An examination of the sizedependence of physicochemical properties critical to environmentalrisk assessment     C.D. Hassinger, ARCADISUS; K. Sellers,ARCADIS; E.A. Bleeker, RIVM; W.J. Peijnenburg, RIVM / Laboratoryfor Ecological Risk Assessment; D. Sijm, National Institute for PublicHealth and the Environment (RIVM).  Efforts to assess the risks fromnanomaterials implicitly incorporate a definition of what it means to be“nano”. Members of the scientific community and regulators around theworld commonly use a definition of 1-100 nanometers (nm) in size.However, uncertainties about this definition persist, with some definingnanoparticles as sizes up to 2000 nm. This presentation will describe,based on a comprehensive literature review, what is known about thesize dependence of the physical/chemical properties critical toenvironmental risk assessment (the known knowns) and current datagaps (known unknowns). As the size of a particle decreases into the‘nano’ size range some physicochemical properties may significantlychange. Therefore, within the context of the European Commission’s(EC) definition of “nanomaterial” and the data needs under theRegistration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicalsubstances (REACH) regulation (EC 1907/2006), this research sought todetermine which physicochemical properties make a nanomaterialdifferent from a ‘conventional’ material and at what size these propertiesare changed to ‘nanospecific’ properties. The literature review focused on:surface morphology, crystalline structure, water solubility, reactivity,and photocatalytic reactivity. Relative few papers were identifiedinvestigating size-related changes in surface morphology. With respectto crystallinity, which can affect reactivity, several aspects of metals andmetal oxides (e.g., lattice contraction/expansion, phase transformation)may vary with particle size although no simple conclusions can bedrawn regarding size dependence. Some experimental data show that thesolubility of metal and metal oxides and sulphides can increase atnanoscale; additionally, the increased rate of solubility is well known.Reactivity can also increase with decreasing particle size. Maximumcatalytic activity of nanoparticles occurs at sizes well below 100 nm (15-20 nm), with a sharp change in reactivity below approximately 5 nm insome cases. Photocatalytic reactivity of certain metal oxides andsulphides also increases with decreasing particle size, in some caseschanging at a particle size of approximately 5-10 nm. These studiesreviewed primarily investigated nanoparticles 225 Mechanistic interpretation of single-particle ICP-MS data     G.Cornelis, University of Gothenburg / Department of Chemistry andMolecular Biology; M. Hassellov, Goteborg University / ChemistryDept.  Progress in (Eco)toxicological research on fate and effects ofengineered nanoparticles (ENP) is hampered by a lack of sensitivemethods that can measure particle number-based size distributions(PSDs) of ENP in environmental matrices at realistically lowconcentrations. Single particle inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry (spICP-MS) is a promising technique in this respect as itoffers element specific measurements of ENP that generate ion bursts inthe plasma, the magnitude of which corresponds to their size and thenumber of which corresponds to the frequency of particles, thusallowing to calculate PSDs. However, the lower size limit of ENP sizemeasurements is limited mainly by lack of a process-based data analysistools. The current study proposes an alternative approach, where preciseknowledge of dissolved and background signals in ICP-MS is used todeconvolute it from spICP-MS. Well-characterised gold ENP of 10, 30and 60 nm were analysed using spICP-MS and the data was analysedusing known algorithsm and the algorithm proposed in this study. It isproposed that much more accurate PSD can thus be obtained, especiallyfor relatively small ENPs. A mechanisticallty based spICP-Ms signalanalysis algorithm was thus developed that was able to deconvolutedissolved signals from ENP signals in a combined dataset, but in thecase of small ENP, there was no statistically signifcant differencebetween dissolved and ENP signals that could be used to distinguish thesignals, effectively imposing a size limit to spICP-MS determinations ofPSDs and concentrations of ENP in the environment.226 Fate of nanosilver in lake mesocosms     C.D. Metcalfe, L.Furtado, Trent University / Environmental & Resource Studies; J.Fischer; M. Hoque, H. Hintelmann, Trent University; D. Mitrano, J.Ranville, Colorado School of Mines; B. Cheever, M. Xenopoulos, P.Frost, Trent University.  Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely usedin textiles and in household products as antimicrobial additives. AgNPsmay enter aquatic ecosystems via discharges of municipal and industrialwastewater. AgNPs undergo transformations in aquatic environmentsthat can alter the toxicity to aquatic organisms, In a study conducted aspart of the Lake Ecosystem Nanosilver (LENS) project, we studied thetransformations and fate of AgNPs in 12 mesocosms (2 m diameter x 2m deep) installed in a soft water lake in Ontario, Canada. AgNPs with amean diameter of 50 nm and capped with either PVP or citrate werepurchased as a suspension in deionized water from NanoComposix, CA,USA and this material was added to mesocosms either as incremental("drip") additions every second day for a 70 day period, or as a single57SETAC Europe 23rd Annual Meeting

Prioritizing consumer product categories based on exposure estimates

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Prioritizing consumer product categories based on exposure estimates

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