Suolahti, Jaakko

English

Journal.fi

JAAKKO SUOLAHTIV-VIRI ULS TIBERIM OR CISTIBERESIn his well-known report on the development of Ronan adninistrationPomponius úention8 with regard to night security officers: (Dí9, 1.2'2'31) Eú quía magíetratibua úespe"t¿n¿e ternpoyibus ín publíctn eese ¿neon-teníene erat, qu¿nqueú1:r'i const¿tut1: eunt cía fíberín et ultís Tiber'ín'quí possint pfo nag¿\t"qtíbue fungi. In his frDigesta" edition fþ. !'l6msq¡treated the words "et ultíe ?íberin" as an interpolationrl *ith the ap-proval of most later scholars, alÈhough in hia ilRömisches Staatsrechtrrof 1887 (II3, p. 1l) Mormsen regards then as original. o. Hirschfeld hadalready suspected that the activity of, V-víri extended to the right bankof the Tiber, because this was an independerrt pagus during the Republic.zThis vie¡ú Iras Dore amply supported by A. von Premersteinr3 *rho hag rtrit-ten the only article devoted to the V-oiri. Besidee the observation ofHirechfeld he mentions Ehat "ultís" ig â "hapax Legcrnenon" and that V-ttit'icíe Tíbe?-un or cíetíberes occurs both in Livy (39.14.10) and in laterrexrs4 and inscriprions (CIL vI 32L6,42O; 37159, clc 6218). Prenersteinrsopinion has won the approval of later scholars, and it aPpears in olderand also in more recent manuale and general introductiona.5Evidently the V-oíri were considered so insignificant that no one paidattention to them after von Premersteints exhauetive articlet l¡hqse msinfeature was its interesting illustration of how theee Roman officialsr¡ere imitated in ltati an nunicipia.6 B,rt his arguoents are in need ofmore precise analysis, particularly as ttrey are based to some extent ona manuscript which is noe, read differently.The vier¡ of both Momsen and von Preoerstein that ttet ultíe Tíberím" í¡Pomponius (Dig. 1.2.2.3L) was a later interPolation raises the questionof hor¡ the interpolator arrived at thie singular addition. An attempt toimprove t,nzerr by using the better form "ultíetr is easily understood'since the former was incouprehensible in his own time even if the latter266is truly a hrapax Ìegomenon. It is also possible cha¿ t'ultis" in the man-uscript iS a corruption of "t¿Lt?At'. BuÈ rrhence comes Èhe actual noÈionof exÈending the area of. V-Uini "uLe Tibeyimtr? Both Momsen and von Pre-merstein guote as their main evidence io favour of interpolation thefacr rhat in Livy (39.14.10) only "eis Tibef,t¡n" is found. such was thecase in the Cexts they used. Today the text is generally read as fol-loors:7 triu¡mtitís eap¿tal¿bus nandatm est, ut tígilías disponerent petutbem sen)arentque, ne quí noetum¿ coetua fierent, utque ab íncendíiseeüe?etu!, a.díutores tniu¡roirís quínqueuíri uls eie Tíberim súae quílque?eg¿onil aedífíeíís p?aeessent. The "utí cí8 p?o uls" of earlier editionsis a conjecture of Heusinger based on certain younger and inferior manu-scripts ((), vhile the bestr M in particular, have "uls eis",8 UZs, whichoVarro knov¡sr' was no longer in use at the tine of Livy, so theÈ he ob-tained it fron an older source.If Livy wtote "uls eíst', ít explains where Pomponius obtained the wordswhich occur in ttDigestatt in the form "ultie, eí8", Hence there is noreason Èo regard them as an interpolation, for at the time of Pomponius,r¡hen XfI reg¿o, Tnane TibeY¿n had long been joined to the city, it waspoineless to stress any longer that V-ttití also acÈed uls Tiberim. Noclater than 6 4.D., when the fire and police services of Rome nere en-Èrusted to Praefectus Vígilun, under vhom V'Uíri presumably nor¡t norked'their title was changed in practice, and perhaps officially, to V-titícis ?iberín ot cist¿beri, cistíberes; the latter Perhaps by analogy withIOÐLgLLeg.this oay be why Pornponius nentions their name ¡¡hen he later epeaks ofth€m âB 'tcíetíberes*, the name used in his own tine.llIIvon Premerstein'e second proof that t'ule !íber1in" is an interpolation isrhe asserÈion by Hirschfeld that uls Tíberím, beÍng an independent sd-ninistrative area during the Republi"r12 did not enter the Rooan sphereof aduinistraÈion. Hirschfeld baaes his assertion on such studiee aeGilbertre ilGeechichte und Topographie der Stadt Ron in Altertum, II"13and the inscríptions presented in icr14 boah of r.¡hich mention "(nagíeten)pagi Iaricoleneis". Its boundaries are not precisely knownr15 rro, i" itknown whether the area included the land below the hill and betv¡een thehill and the Tiber which Augustus later added to the city as its XIV267district and part of which, at least, Aurelianus encircled with waLls in272-76 A.D.t6 This was an area first inhabited in the third century B.C.It r¿as bound co attract the noÈice of the Rornan police authorities, be-cause no uore than a part of it was yet joined to the city.l7 von Premer-steinfs vier^r is chat four of the five V-oiri each concerned thenselveswith one area of the city proper, and Èhe fifth with the Aventine;18Momsen t.akes the vier¡ that the area of the fifth was uls Tíberin.L9This seems probable unless the Aventine and uls Tiberin, which r¡ere onopposite sides of the river joined by the pons Sublíeits, were bothwithin the sphere of the f.i.f.th V-uiti. lt ¡¡as fornally a sinple matt,erfor Èhe auÈhorities tó intervene in the maintenance of order in are¿sule Tíbeyitn, because part of it, namely Árr, the citadel, and perhaps aportion between the walls leading fron it to the Tiber, belonged to thecity itself.20Although the Rooan authorities v¡ould in principle have respected theautonomy of the pag¿, ðar.gerous situations such as the affair of theBqcchqtalia in 186 8.C., when V-tíni uLe cís Tíberin are first mentioned2lin the sourcesr-' certainly compelled the¡n in one way or another to ex-tend their supervision to lhe other side of the Tiber. Presumably thepoor working population there vas already at thåt time composed partlyof the freed descendants of slaves from the east, who were susceptibleto religious excitatiorr.22 Th" many worshippers of Bacchus mentioned bythe consul Postumius in a speech to the Senate may have included somefrom the other side of the Tiber. In the temple consecrated to JupiterHelíopolitanus oî the slope of Janiculun there rras at all events a saeredinage of Bacchus, and the earliest knowr phase of the temple was in Re-publican tir"".23 A patron of the temple at the end of Èhe second century.4,.D. r¡as in fact Gaionas, who v¡as well known as cíetíberie.2AThe Bacchic place of worship .ririt"¿ by the informer was certainly 1o-caÈed near the Tiber and the Aventine; ule Tibe?ín, opposite the latter,is another possibility.IIIIt appears fron Livyrs account that now, as in the year 213, the author-ities feared two things: meeÈings at night and fires.25 U.rd", their sur-veillance the III-cqítales, who posted guards in various parts of thecity, obtained help from V-uírí uLs ?íbe?ín, each of which guarded build-268ingsinitsarea.Thustheyformedasurveillanceoetworkv¡hoseeffi-ciency was increased by Local knowledge' On the right bank of the Tiberboth tasks were of exÈreme imporÈance because dan¡;erous elemenÈs exis-ted chere, including Lhose who had been banished.26 Aa times of disturb-ance iÈ was esPecially irnportant to ensure safeey from fire' as build-ings were close together and mainly of wood.27 Th" v-uiti may owe theirorigin to the necessity for the State of improving police and fire serv-ices as the city greht aÈ an explosive raÈe and, with increasing duEies'the time of consuls and praetors sufficed only for supervision.2E Tht'"duties remaioed with them presumably r¡ntil the Imperial Age, for theyr¡ere also performed by the V-Ûí"¿ of the municipia' who were evidentlynodelled after them. The offices were possibly established at the sametime as the tresoiri capítales of their superiors, in 290-87.29 B""tt'""the former were preceded by che tresuit'i nocturtí, which oay have origi-nated as offices of trust of the plebs'30 the acc of establishment has apossible connection with che Leæ Hov'tensia, which legalized rhe lar¿s ofthe plebs and the office of tribune aÈ the sa'e time.3t ta is surnisablethat V-Uíri cis Tíbet'in spr¿rng from the local government' which includedoíconagist*i ard magistrí pagoran.32 V-riní, of whose origin nothing isknowû,mayofcoursebeacreationoftheâuthoritiesbef,r¿een290and186, but Èhe Romans gl'adly made use of r,hâE was available, and in Livy'sdescription of what happened in 186 B'C' Ëhere is aE least no mention ofthe foundation of V'uini offices at that cime'The low prestige of the office nay be a sign of its unusual creation'33Althbugh tt¡e Vi¿"¿ at least later r¿ere magistrates' È!9y clearly had nochance of promotion. They r.rere at all events freebornr34 "nd cheir expertknovledge surely rnade then indispensable to Èhe young' inexperienced III-Oíri capita1es at the outset of their career.35 P"rh"p" at the beginningthey were appointed p"o mag¿stratibus vhen necessary by che Senate or itsdelegated official, such as an aedile, while at rhe end of the Republicthey wer.e selected in accordance r¿ith the senaters decision by che aedilesor under Èheir directior,.36 Their official status is also indicated bythe placing of five State slaves at their disposal'37The notion held by Motrmsen, Hirschfeld, von Premerstein and most laÈerscholars to the effect thst the v-l)it¿ functioned onty cis Tiberín testspartly on a false conjecture of Livy, partly on a too forrnalistic inter-pretation of Roman official Practice. The position of these office-holders269I2or funccionaries, lrho perhaps rose from positions of confidence in theearly third century, never constituted a stepping stone to the Senate;raÈher they provided invaluable help to young, inexperienced officialsin organizing the police proceetion and fire services of an expandingmetropoLis. These services were imitated by the ltalian nunícipia ínthe early Imperial Age.NotesDigesta, ed. Moursen 1885, p. 3, note 25l. conrpíLatores adiecerunt.Die Sicherheitspolizei im römischen Kaiserreich (Sitzungsber. BAll 1891,p, 847, note 5.3sa"da.öri"che und municipâle quínqueviri (Festschrift Otto Hirschfeld,Berlin 1903, pp. 234-42, especially pp. 234 f..).4Cfl Mart. 5.li,4., C. Heraeus, Rh. Mus. 54, 1899, p. 309; Hirschfeld,Hermes 24, L899, pp. 10ó f.;Îhes.L.L. 1II, p. 1194; Comentarii nota-run Tironis, ed. G. Schmitz, II, I - Tab. 36 n. 95; Glossae Scaligeri(vulgo Isidori)r Corp. gloss. Lat. IV, p.578249i tl, p,253:27; V, p.336:24; V, p. 613:44.5Darenberg-Saglio III, p. 1540; IV, p. 807; De Ruggiero, Diz. epigr. III,p. 252i, P. Reynolds, The Vigiles of the Irnperial Rome, 1926, p. 19; G.I'leserer, RE XXIV, 1963; Id., Der kleíne Pauly IV, 1972, p. 1307; Lex.der Antike II, 1965, p. 2500; otherwise Þtadvig, p. 482i P, Willens,Droit, p. 307, note 6.6P".r. c. 1.5¡ cIL IIt, 489 (Emona), 3836 (Aquileia); v, 1883 = D 1939(Concordia)t 4449 (Brixia); IX, 5070, 5072, 5083 (Interamna Prâetutti-orum), 5276 (Tríettum)¡ X, 1081 (Nuceria Alfaterra); XI, 1355 (Luna).78g., ed. TeubneriarLa Lg72, p. 15.SApparatus criticus.9vr.ro 5.83; 5.16:18-20 (oule); Fest. 37:t5-1ó; 519:18 (Csto) L; ForceÌ-lini rrl,382; IV,458.loHirschfeld, p.85; v. Preuerstein, p.237; Mournsen, p, XIII, note l.ttotr. 2L.L.322 concerna the development after emperor Claudius.12cf. p"g"s 1-2.l3t"ip"ig 1885, pp. L74-L78.l4crl vr, zzLg-zzzo.15RE rx, LIL , 690-92,l6Richnond, The city Wall of Inperial Rooe, 1930, pp, 24L f.f..I7Hu"lr"n, Aventinus, Aventinengis pagus (RE II, 1896, pp. 2282-4i CÍLVI, 1231 = 31517).18.r. P""r"rstein, g. 235, who considers Aventine an independent pagus.Evan T. Sagers viev (Loeb, Livy XI, p.259) that there nere tno col-leagues of. V-uíni, ie ínposeible.27019Mo-""r, rrr p. 6ll, note l.20c. Lugli, ùfonunenti III, pp. 620-29.21l,ir. 39.14.20; cf. on siurilar events in 213 (Liv. 25.1).22_--Lugli, op.c.r pp. 630 ff.ttru., p.6641 P. Gauckler, Le sanctuaire Syrien au Janicule, L9L2, pp.5-9; P. Darier, Les fouilles du Janicule a Rome, 1920, pp. I ff.; G.Nicole & P. Darier, Le Sanctuaire des dieux Orientaux au lanicule,1909, PL. III, pp. 27 f.f..24cn ur, 32316 snd,422.25r.iu. 39.I2.4¡ 39.r3.r2.26r¿. ¡.13.r0 (46r) i B.L4.s-7 (338) ¡ 26.34.5-10 (2ro).27T.c"ra.grroli, Topografia, p. 58.28Mo,-""n, ßst. II3, pp. 611 f.; Id., strafrecht, p. 299; v, Premerstein,pp. 236 f.; c. Ìlesener, pp. f62 f.29r,i.r. per. 1t¡ v. Premerstein, p.234.30cf. ry forthcoming article on IfI-oírí (in preparation).3l!tärrr"r, RE vI I I t 1913 , p. 2467 f. .32n" vrII A, 1958, 2480 Bleicken; RE xvrrr, L942,9p.2323 f.33ci"., Acad. prior. 2.136; l{or. sat. 2.5.55; Momsen, RSt II3, p, 612.34r. P""r"rstein, p. 239i CIL VI, 323L7; Petronius 15; l.lesener, p. 116.35uo*""r,, RSt rr3, p. 612.36.r. P."r"rstein, p. 237; Momsen, RsÈ II3, p. 61t: basing on Gic. Acad.prior. 2.L36."ru., p, 239; crl vrr 2313 = 4847i cf.., however, Henzen ad waltzing r,p. 405 f.

V-viri uls Tiberim or Cistiberes

https://journal.fi/store/article/download/49854/14893

V-viri uls Tiberim or Cistiberes

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Journal.fi