Halén, Harry

Sims-Williams, Nicholas

English

Journal.fi

STUDIA ORIENTALIAEDITED BY THE FINNISI{ ORIENTAL SOCIETY5l: l3THE MIDDLE IRANIAN FRAGMENTSIN SOGDIAN SCRIPTFROM THE MANNERHEIM COLLECTIONNICHOLAS SIMS-WILLIAMS & HARRY HALÉNBYHELSTNKT I98OISBN 951-95075-5-8rssN 0039-3282Helsingin yliopiston monistuspalveluPainatusjaos.Helsinki I 980NICHOLAS SIMS-T''ILLIAMS & HARRY HALÉNTHE I,ÍIDDLE IRANIAN FRAGMENTS IN SOGDIAN SCRIPTFROI.I THE MANNERHEIM COLLECTIONThe Finno-Ugrian Society possesses a collecÈion of ancienÈ fragûents fro¡oChinese Turkestan, broughÈ to Finland by Baron C. G. Mannerhein (1867-1951)from his rwo years journey on horseback through Asia, 1906-08.1 Since 1971rhe material has been deposited in Èhe Helsinki University Library.2 Detailsof the finding places of the material are regrettably not given. In 1907Mannerheim purchased 6 fragments, five found in Lhe sand at Khadalyk (Dono-ko, West of Keria), and one at Hangi (Yangi). In 1908 he bought more atTurfan and Chiktyn, a small Chinese fort 3-4 dayrs journey eastvtard frornTurfan (close to some old ruins), and at Yar-Khoto (ttJarhott) and ldiqut-Shahri. At Turfan he acquired a long document ro11, on a pin, found duringthe excavations at Yâr-Khoto. The inhabitants were improving their fieldss¡ith soft earth from the ruins; fragments dug up vrere sold. ìlannerheim saysthat he would noÈ have bought the fragnents if he had not seen Mr. G. Macart-ney in Kashgar purchasing still smaller scraps for British collections. Atthe same place at Chiktyn, r.¡here Prof. A. Grünwedel had excavated, Mannerheimbought 3-4 fragments found later.The collection r¿as examined by Dr. Eric Grinstead (Scandinavian Institute ofAsian Studies, Copenhagen) in August, 1970, after the fragnents had been pre-tirninarily restored and attached co thin sheets of rice paPer or betvreen themXerocopies were made for the Institute.1 C. G. lfannerheim, Aeroes Asía from Hest to East in 1906-1908, I-II. SociétéFinno-ougrienne, Travaux ethnographiques, VIII. Helsinki 1940. (Reprintedin rhe Nerherlands, 1968); Pentti Aalto, OyientaL Studíee ín FinLand 1828-1918. The Hisrory of Learning and science in Finland 1828-1918, 10 b. Hel-sinki 1971, pp. 113-118.2 Harry Ha1én, Handbook of Ìniental CoLlections ín Fínland. ScandinavianInstitute of Asian studies Monograph series, 31. Bangkok 1978. (N:os 213,344, 46t),4 N. SIMS.T{ILLIAI'ÍS & IT. HALíNThe main part of the collection consisÈs of fragmenÈs of Chinese Buddhisttexts. They are roughly assorted according to paPerr colour, and calligra-phy, Èotalling 204 large (oore than 16 cn in nidth), 592 mediun síze (7-15 cn), and 1175 s6ål1 (0-6 cn) piecee. There are aleo 37 envelopes wiÈhsusl1 Loose pieces and a box with etill smaller scraps. The 9 Sanskrit and2 Khotanese fragoents (one is bilingual) were interPreted and published byprof. J. N. Reuter.3 Fron the approx. 70 Uigur fragoents onLy 15 have sofar been published.4 About 10 úore are Large enough for an interpretation,including saoples from a text on magical mediciner a business documentt etc"but all of then are rtritten in a difficult running hand. The rest are verysnall pieces containing onl-y incooPlete words or odd letters. Sooe snallChinese fragments contain TibeÈan and one of them has Brãtmf letters or¡ Èhereverse. A few of the fragments originally assorted among the Uigur oneshave Èurned out to be Sogdian (fraguents A-D) or Middle Pereian (fraguentE). The aim of the present article is to give an ínterpretation of theircontents.À11 of theee Middle lranian fragments are written in cursive Sogdian script.The eyatem of tranecription in comuon use has been modified by Èhe intro-duction of a consistent distinction between ¡ and Y .5 for the notation ofuncertain, illegible or Dissing retters see N' sims-l'lil'lia¡ns' T12e Sogdíanfnagnente of the Btitíeh Libnary. Indo-Lranian Journal XVIII. DordrechtL976, p. 45.The present authors are exÈrerDely grateful- to Professor Kõgi Kudara (Ryü-koku University, Kyõto), who kindly examined the Chinese texÈs on the re-verse of fragoents A, B and c and identified al1 three as belonging toKumãrajîva,s translation of the SøÅÅlnrmapu4Qarlka-sút:Pa' No- 262 in the3 J. N. ReuÈer, sqre Buddhíst fragnente fron chíneee ltßkestan ín sanekl'itanå nKhotaneá¿". JSFOu XXX:31. Helsinki f913-18. (A1so published in' AcrossAeia, :f1.) The large Khotanese fragment No. 11 on plates VIII and IX(whiån belongs to ih" Sø1ghAþa-sûtrq) a¡d the smal1 fragurent No. 10 onplate I lrere both retraneãriùed by H. f{. Bailey ín Khotøtese teæts, t'l ,ðanbridge 1,963, pp. 394-5. See also M. I. Dresdeî, 1{hotanese (SalØ) nrcmu-ecripßl a prooísiorøL har'úList. In Varia 1976 (Acta lranica, 12). Tehran-Liège, 1977, p. 77.4 G. J. RamsÈedt, Fottr Uiguríqn dOeUments, Iî A9"O9S Aeía, II' 12 p. ¡ HarryHa1én, Ùie uigariechen-llæmerlein-Frognente' L. studi¿ orientalia, 51 :4.Heleinki 1979.5 As advocated by N. Sims-lfilliang in hisdrøtiecle Teæte kíreheng e eehíeht'|,íchenin t,he Beries Berliner Turfantexte).Appendix to I{. Sundermann' Mittel-tnlnlts den Mortíehöer' (forthconingThe ltiddle lranian fragmentsTaishõ Tripitaka,b Vol. IX, pp. 1-62. Thanks are owing also to Dr. I. Ger-shevitch (cambridge university), Dr. lJ. sundermann and Dr. P. Zieoe (bothof the Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Alte Ge-schichte und Archäologie) for their valuable contributions to the eluci-dation of Èhese texts, attributed in detail belor¡'Fragments A and BTwo fragments (11.4 x 11 cm and 7.8 x 9 cm respectively) fron a singlescroll. Thin r¡hitish paper with tight brown Patches. No margins. clearcureive script. The order of the two fragraents and the approximate extentof the lacuna betlteen them has been established by Profeagor Kudera froothe chinese passages on the verso sides, Taiehõ Tripitaka, IX, p. 38c'cols. 15-20, and p. 39a, cols. l4-t7, respectively'I (é'n)t I5ttA132l p) tyrl (n)m-str zrw . I. kwn' myô ZY cl.n x($r)Êny mtn'wk'I. 9't rty P.II . ð'wmyl zKn Itt... before ... the ...t'tt. . . did . .. Bo that . .."tr... like a dree¡n ...tttt... may be .... And ...ttrl ... the ...t'456Iabout 21 lines missingl87 I(Y) xwPY' [ ""' ekill "'rr8 I zY '><w cnn zm' .¡2 "... and he frou ".''9 lg,t.3 o rty nwk(r) [ "... may be .... And then ..."10 l( zlY prnx(w)tnty l.[ ""' and fortunate "']llor l.Énwmy 2znn. [? !m'_rl_? 3or ]Bnt.Line 3. If rny6 ZY here oeans "ao Èhat'r cf' m'y6 ZY in P15'8'Line 4. The exPression xwBnv m'ntwkt ttlike a dreantt is noÈ attestedelsewhere, but the Khotanese equival"ent ffinä nffiætàa- occurs freguentlyas one of the standard Buddhist comparisons for Èhe non-existent (seeR. E. Euneríck, Tlø ten neu foLíos of Khotøtese' Asia Major, Ne¡r SeriesXIII. London 1967' PP. 17-18).Line 6. The first surviving r¡ord of this line aPPears Èo be other¡¡ise un-knotrn.6 J. Takakueu and H. t¡atanabe (ed.), faishõ ehineffiilaízõky-o. The Tripitakain Chinese. TõkYõ 1924 ff.6 N. SIMS-I,¡ILLIAMS & H. HALÉNFragmenÈ C9 x 11.5 cm. Thin smooth paper, bror¡nish with irregular ¡¡hitish patches.Verso Chinese (Taishõ Tripitaka, IX, p. 36c, col-. 26, to p.37a, col. 1).The Sogdian texÈ is Èhe foroulaic address of a letter, in clumsy cursivescript, appareoÈly wriÈÈen as an exercise or model, t¡ith interlinear vari-ants, doodles and probatíonee pennae. It is probabLy complete (except fora fe¡¡ letters missing at the ends of the lines), the scrap of paper havingbeen torn from the discarded Chinese scroll before being re-inscribed inSogd ian.I geornetricaldesign Ê(r'y)ðt MN twty m. IIroseÈtes etc. ]32 ('t)lor p'É(cn)[? 2o, (xypô')w(n)t? tt.king the place of thenane(s) of the addressee(s)?Translation: "(This letter) has been sent by k'tty M... to the deartexcellent, reverend, honourabte maeter(s) ....ttSince this fragment is so badly writÈen, some of the readÍngs proposedabove may appear somer¡hat speculative. Most of the¡o can be confirmed,however, by comparison v¡ith sinilar address-formulae euch as the follov¡-ing:T Ir Toyoq, R(?) 1:7 't kw pryw'xÉnky8 p'5c'n ptpyht-cnvt ....It7392 + 7391, R 1:9 't' kw 'xénky p'scn fry.[ ] ... xwÉtrs'r c(n) Pndy fryËty'7 The present whereabouts of this manuscript is not knor¡n. It is citedhere from a handr¡ritten copy by Professor Lentzr which now belongs tothe Seminar für Geschichte und Kultur des Vorderen Orients (AbteilungIranistik), University of Hanburg.8 Lentz transcribed the fourth letter of this word as aleph, but it isclear fron his indecision in the case of the last nord ciÈed, ¡¡hich hetransliterated as ptþyw-c:w, that this manuscript does not consistent-ly distinguísh aleph and ¿."9 cited by M. Boyce, A catalogue of the ftøtíøt múMser¿pts in lþnielneø'scrípt in the Gemnan lurfan eolleetíon. Berlin 1960' p. 131.kw (pry)w 'xsnky B::[:fîì[:,gwcnw (xypô' I ' t 'r,l .' [:il":"1.1:n;;t'"n"'lty)v,cnwt LrTi.ãr[i"-rãtt"r, JP (t)ptB (The Middle Iranian fragnentsIt 7440:10 't' By'n 'nYr^tn P'ðcn xyp6'wnd mzyx 6ynmyc sr6n9'L lll, V l-3:11 'tkw Iprylw ('x)-énky p'ãc'n Br't é(¡nV)vtn s'r ...Al1 of these texts may be presumed Èo be Manichaean'Line 1. twty (possibty obl. of *twt) apPears to be a nane. cf. twtY"parrot" (L 29, passín)?Line 3. ptgywcnw is attested only here and in I II Toyoq cited above' Itis evidently an adj. formed from the noun PtÞy- "honour", compound-fornptÞytt (probably an old noû. neuÈer) as in ptÊyw-cyk' The suffixed elementis clarified by eooparison with the ûore archaic foroe ptB'yËcnw (Chus tobe read in L 44.3), pt9yw-'yéc'ny and PtÞ!¡r¿-'y5c'n'y (so' 10123)'12ptÊy-'Ëcy'n'k (Dhy. I4), cf. also n$t-'ðcy'n'k "unworthy't (lilJ 1096)'Since the usual cooParison ofo'Écy'n'k etc. with Man. tyjn 'rworthytlinvolves phonological difficulties, one úay proPose instead a derivationfrom *saðyãna(ka)- (cf . MPers. Ðz-ag "id' " etc') > *-sðyån- >-Éðyan- r -lðéan- > -ðan-. Poesibly p'Éc'n likewise derives from*pãgra-saðyãna-, though the alternative theory thaÈ it conteins a suffixequivalenr to Parthian -cn (I. Gershevitch, A grømnt of Man'íelean Sogdíøt'Oxford 1954, S 1020) is quite satisfactory'The plural ptÊywcnwt, wriÈten below the line, is apparently an artifieialspelling (for *ptÞy'l'cnt) induced by the sg. forn vhich sÈands above it.The fect thst both sg. and pl. foros are given sugSests that the address-foruula may have been intended as a model' for use in addressing either onerecipient or several.Frarment D1l x 5.5 cm. Rather thick, absorbent brownish-grey paper. Verso blank' Partof the right-hand nargin is preserved. Irregular cursive ecript.7I .... P2 tpn'l3 cyty I4 ?'ry 'n.ls(tt)v-ttcoff in ...t't'epirit ...t'iltake Pity ...tr10 This is the complete text of the fragnent, kindly Èranscribed for us byDr. Sundermann.11 For texts nith the prefix L (- Leningrad) see A' H' Paro3a' Coeòn\cnteûwenew¡a 4en ngt oræïuøttøØeo coûwtan Huarunwnø BoctttoxoeeÔeilu¡' ìloscolt1980.l.2ThisreferencewaskindlyprovidedbyDr.Gershevitch.85 ?'t'(s)[6 (m) 'y6'yty I7 9s'nty2 w(m)['t8 (s)'t [ ].tN. srMs-wrllrAr'{s s tt. u¡lÉutto son ..."ttdays ...tt"r.¡as a chiÌdttall . . .ttlor tptn 2the shape of s is unusual, but no other reading seems âs1 ikelyLine 2. 0n the word for t'coffin" see I{. B. Henning, Sogdían ?øZes. BSOASXI:3. London 1945, p. 479. Idem, The Choresmían docwnents. Asia Major' NewSeries XI. London 1965, p. 177.Fragment E18.5 x 12.5 cm. The fragment is of similar pâper as fragment C, but it hasbeen put together of several pieces. Part of one side margin is preserved.Both sides contain Manichaean h¡mns in Middle Persian. One side additional-ly conÈains several irregularly-spaced columns of Chinese and a series ofblock-printed Buddha-figures in red ink; this side has been designacedt'versorr on the assumption that the writer of the MPers. text would haveused the blank side of the paper first, in preference to that r¡hich al-readybore the Chinese text. The MPers. hymns are wriÈten in an irregular cursiveSogdian script, the Èlro sides being inscribed opposiÈe nays up.Although the êxistence of MPers. texts in Sogdian script has from tine totime been Dentioned by scholars with access to those in the German Turfancollection, this is the first such text to be published. Its decipheruentis beeet lrith difficulties, and many of the readings and restorations pro-posed belov are quite tentaÈive. An interlinear tranacription into Mani-chaean orthography is offered as an aid to comprehension.Rectol..t 12 Í, nyl (vr) mwrw' 'm6*nyu murwtb tnd3 lxy lp6 É'6y éxry'r 'y*hA pd É'dVh Éhry'n 'y4 ['stw]ô[-n] (')m' "y rsrc'*'studntmt oo tyy ntet' :. '' j,T"oI tThe ltiddle lranian fragoents6 l'lst('YÉ)n'$16'(')gryn*'ettyÉn 'ud 'PrYn oo7 ['wr xwr](x)ËY6 rw5nYkr 'wr*turr strræÉgd ruÉnggr o türS t I (p)r¿rm' pr'z-' 'wr (p) [ r] (y-x) I*pürm'L bo'z'g o 'ut PrYh-s [r](w)6 xw6'Y txrn rwô[ nYwJrrud æud'y ühm 'ud nYulo [r'y]-nst P6[Yr nht nvü "9ryn]*r'amet oo pdyr nüg nüg 'Prvn11 l'z lwxmn (Ëx)trY'r 5'6 P'5J*'c tihmn Ehnytr oo á'd b'ÉVersolwynlyryô 'Þr (p. ) [ ]*uvnarad 'bn[ ]mwrw' sxykrvrn '['YJ*muJrur'\ ehyktun ' 'Yt I (t)nkry6' xwtpwLmy5 ['J (1)Pttngryõ' iiutbulnY€'LPt I 'wY-Ywr x'n kY nËst*'ttv'(un ætn kY nÉettpô Ël(xry)-'r Ik]Y' P6Yn kYËwr*pfl Éhry'r gy'g pd 'Yn kYÉurt l. t l. xrw PwËt8[ t.t+hru puétI (k) Ëy. .n x'm' tyn*h'm'g dvnl..y nw-nYt xY'r'n+nunyt hYtntn1.t91234567t tI t10Ithe leet letter appear8 to be s, but ouet rather be an æ (vith parc ofthe preceding y viaible beneath iÈ)10 N. SI}TS-WILLIAMS E H. HALÉNTranslation: "... ùrtth good oûer.s gou laue cooe in joy, lord whose nøneíe praísed.'oh, day ... us ... praiae and blessing! (R 7) Eíther, light-giving sun! Hither, shining full moon! Hither, cøtrpaseíortate tord, atrongand uery wísel Receiûe eûe? neu blessinge fnøt lfatman the kíng! Be happy... (V 2) is prepared for ... omen ... Ay Tänridä Qut-bulniB Alp ... UyyurXan, who has sat upon the royal Èhrone in this region (V 7) ... all supporÈ... the whole religion .... Now your friends ...."Recto, line 2. Insteåd of Iny] (w) ttgoodtr one might equally '¡rell reEtoreI n ] (w) = lrlan. MPera. nr¡g "nert".Lines 3-4. Cf. s'r'r 'yg tstr,tdn'm' , BBB 418-19.Line 4. fWCt repreeents either Man. MPers. rvtc, ryE ttdaytt ¡¡ith the excla-matory particle -ã or (less likely) rwctg "ehiningri. The archaising spel-ling with e rather than s oay be due to the existence in Sogdian of r\irc[rõð] as a loan¡rord from ]festern Middle lranian.Lines 7-11 contain part of a h¡run already known froo two copies in Man-script (BBB 428-35 and M 7421 = T II T 22, the variantg of which are notedin the footnotes to Henningrs edition of BBB). Both of theee heve punm'h'g brtztg instead of the *purm'h brtatg inplied by the Present frag-ment.Verso. line 2. The restoration is very doubtful.Line 3. sxykrwm could represent sahlkkâr (+ firet Person sg' encliticpronoun), cf. shykl'n in the Pahlavi Pealter, Peal¡û 122.4, t'vainglorioue,boaaterstt, litera11y "(self-)glorifiers", from eahîg "conspicuous' mag-nificent, eÈc.rr+ -kat. It is not easy to see wt¡at the sord would mean inthe present context, but neither is it easy to find a oore aeceptable read-ing or interpretation.Lines 3-5 contain the titulature of an tWy-yWr X'n ttuy¡rr Xan". The r¡ord.'Wy-yWr was recognized here by Dr. Sundermann, ¡¡ho also pointa out theposeibility of restoring the title on the basis of ll 1.9-12: "y tngnyy6'xut bulnys tlp bylgtþ tr,)y1wt ûn'¡ttn, wíth the Proviso: rhit der Be-st,imung des Namens ist aber noch nichte über die ldentität der Person ge-sagt". Instead of *pylkt = bifgä one could restore *xwtlwY = gutluYin line 5, as Dr. Ziene suggests, referring to the unpublished text 14 27O7¡[...a tnc]ridäh qutfbulmî5 ...? al]p qutlul ... xan' Dr. zieoeremarks further: rrln welche Zeit díeser Xan r¡ie auch der neue von Helsinkigehören, ist völlig unklar, doch scheint es oir eicher zu sein, dass essich uu einen König von Qoðo handeltr'.The Ìliddle lrenian fragmentsLine 6. Beadinge very uncertain. Dr. Sundetuenn sugge8ts Èhst the letterspreceding Pôyn uight rather be read '(p) [r]yn'Line 7. The reading .4 is very doubtful, the last letter reeembling ymore th¡rn Ût.Line 9. The reading xytrtn wes suggested by Dr' Sundernann'¡l t +tr,: . ¿¡l.L.Þ+iAe Irir,!.+:l)qr, lftt*w?*,j*'t -- -..rJ¡l'\ '''B*et",..'l ll" ..1.'ù¿ù\C (retouched)-Þ..Ifi\..âfsJll.ar:r\aT-àÞ' ¿,' -.'Íl?\tL, (recto)losran) [

The Middle Iranian Fragments in Sogdian Script from the Mannerheim Collection

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The Middle Iranian Fragments in Sogdian Script from the Mannerheim Collection

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