Se reporta por primera vez el aislamiento de Arthrobotrys tortor y Engyodontium album desde Mid Victoria Land (Antártica). Se discuten ambos taxa con algunos comentarios ecológicos

Caretta, G.

Del Frate, G.

Mangiarotti, Anna

Spanish

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Boletín Micológico Vol. 9 (1-2): 9-13 1994 A RECORD OF ARTHROBOTRYS TORTOR JAROWAJA AND ENGYODONTIUM ALBUM (LIMBER) DE HOOG FROM ANTARCTICA. G. Caretta, G. Del Frate & Anna M. Mangiarotti. Istituto di Micologia Medica "R. Ciferri e P. Redaelli" Via S. Epifanio, 14 - 27100 Pavia (ltaly). Palabras clave: Arthrohotrys tortor, ElIgyodolltium a/hum, suelos antárticos. Key words: Artltrohotrys tortor, El1gyodontium a/hum, antarctic soils. SUMMARY We report for the first time iso lates of A rthrohotrys tortor and ElIgyodolltiunt a/hum from Mid Victoria Land (Antarctica). These fungi are discussed with notes on their ecology. INTRODUCTION In a survey of microfungi in soil, mosses and ornithogenic material collected in Victoria Land (Anlarctica) during the ltalian expeditions 1988-89, 1989-90 and 1990-91. 269 isolates representative of 18 genera have been isolated. A preliminar)' lisling was compiled in a previous paper (Del Frate and Carelta. 1990). Furthermore. a number of additional species of difficull idenlification was isolated, and from these enlomogenous and nematophagous fungi: microscopic examination led to their attribution lO the genus Engyodontium as E. a/hum (Limber) de Hoog, and Arthrobotrys as A. tortor Jarowaja. respectivel)'. This is Ihe firsl reporl ofthe observation of lhese two fungi from Anlarctica. Weconsider these records ofparlicular laxonomical and ecological interest. . MATERIAL AND METHODS Collections of material (212 samples) were made during the Italian expeditions 1988-91 at 7 localions o[ Ihe Mid Victoria Land (Terra Nova). Ross Sector (160-170° E). The localities. the melhods used for h\l1gal RESUMEN f Primeros aislamielltos Alltarticos de Arthrohotrys tortor Jarowaja y Ellg)'odolltium alhuIII (Limher) De l/oog. 1 Se reporta por primera vez el aislamiento de Arthrohotrys tortor y ElIgyodontium olhum desde Mid . Victoria Land (Antártica). Se discuten ambos taxa con algunos comentarios ecológicos. isolation and identification haye been described previously (Del Frate and Caretta. 1990). A good cultural medium suitable for isolation of so me filamentous fungi, particularly the entomogenous and nematophagous ones, was the " moss plate culture" . The moss used was Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedl1'.) Bruch el al. , collected in the Pavia Botanical Garden; it was sterilized, placed in petri dishes and moistened with sterile water. The {lntarctic material was distributed on the surface ofthe moss plates. which were then incubated at various -temperatures (8. 15, 25 and 40° C) for up to 12 weeks. This natural substrate has been found also to be suitable for the culture of Antarctic mel11bers ofthe keratinophilic fungi. Most of these fungi grow and sporulate in culture at lel11peratures in the range of lO-15°C. RESUL TS AND DISCUSSION Over 269 strains ofhmgi have been isolated from 212 sal11pIes of soiL mosses and ornithogenic material collected in 7 localities of the Mid Victoria Land. In general the highest occurrences of fungi were recorded from mosses and soi l when mosses were present. 9 Arlhrobol/)'S lortor and Engpdonl/1II11 oll>lIlII/i·olll Anrarclica. G. CareNa el al. The nematophagous A rthrohotrys tortor and lhe entomogenous Engyodontium a/hum, Acremonium strictum, Beauveria hassiana and Paecilomyces farinosus \Vere isolated only or mainly from moss and s()il-moss AIso the cellulolytic Chrysosporium verrucosum and Geomyces pannorum var. panllorum \Vere isolated from mosses and ornithogenic material (feathers). Thelebolus microsporus, a minute 8-spore ascomycete (Montemartini Corte et al.. 1993. Phoma herbarum, ascomycetous yeast of the genus Toru /opsis and basidiomycetous yeast of the genera Cryptococcus and Sporoholomyces \Vere frequently isolated from bird dung. NEWRECORDS Arthrohotrys tortor Jaroll'aja During investigations of hyphomycetes on mosses from Antarctica at Edmonson Poinl. Cape King. Mou nt Melbourne. numerous isolates \Vere obtained in culture and found to possess conidiogenous structmesand conidial morphology similar to A . tortor. Morpho logical investigations were carried out on moss plate cultures and on other agar plate fonnulations (OA. Sabouraud ' s agar. ,Emerson ' s agar medium): moss plate cultures proved to be particularly llsef111 for the gro\\1h of th is fungus . According to the original description and classification of A. tortor by Jarowaja (1968: 1970) om strains \Vere identified as this species According to Jarowaja (1968). A. tortor has a varied structure o[ the spore bearing part of lhe conidiophores. Conidiophores in A. tortor can be of lhe inlermediale type between candelabrelloid and art hrobolryoid or genicula rioid. with the apical part coyered wilh short denticles. Heads of conidia rather elongated. some\yhat irregular: conidia 20-26 long and (9) 11-1'+ JlI11 wide. Oyaline. obovoidal lo clavate. 2 ~celle. \útll one median septum. slightly constricted at the septlll11. Sometimes the fungus forms small additional conidiophores bearing a loose apical verticillate head of 2-11 drop-l ike l11icroconidia ",ith one septllll1. Chlamydospores are ofte\) presenL intercalarl'. solita~' or arranged in short chains. Optil11al gro\yth was observed at 2.+" C and no developll1ent \\as [ound to occur 'at 6 or 30" C. According lo Jarowaja (1968). A. tortor differs fromA. cO/loides Drechsler in the morphology of conidia: the conidia of A . conoides are 1110re.slcnder. arise on blunt papillose sterigll1ata and are collected in regu lar apical and intercala~' clusters. The fungus captures and eats ee\worms (Nematoda). 10 In studies on the occurrence ofpredaceous fungi of the genus Artltrohotrys on various substrates in Poland, seven strainsofA. tortorwere isolated by Jarowaja (1970) from loess soil ; t\Vo isolates trapped nematodes by means of predaceous bulb organs and haustoria . ArthrohotrJ's tortor has not been recorded in other investigations on various substrata. Yet this species was listed by Schenck et al. (1977) among the 48 recognized species ofthe genlls Artltrohotrys. Van Oorschot (1985) revised this genus and recognized 27 species and 5 varieties. Arthrohotrys tortor was listed by her as a synonym of A. conoides Drechsler. As \Ve explained aboye. A. tortor differs sufficientIy from A. conoides to warrant classification as a separate species. A . tortor and A. conoides differ mainly in the conidiophores. In A. tortor conidiophores of the intermediate type bet\Veen candelabrelloid and arthrobot~'oid or geniclllarioid are pres ent: conidia are elonga le . In A . con oides conidiophores proliferate repeatedly. conidia are elongate-obovoidal and much longer 30-46 x 11.5-14 Jll11. Nematophagous f·ungi have been recorded in soi l and vegetation samples coIlected from various sites in Anlarctica at 68°S (Gray and Smith. 198'+). In 2-+ species of nematophagolls fungi recorded. A rthrohotr,rs rohusta was reported as the only species of this genus. This species was only isolated from bird-associated sites. Spontaneolls trap formation was widely observed in the Antarctic iso lates and their distribution is most probably linked to the bird poplIlation (Gray. 1985). A new springtail-predaceolls hyphomycete of Gressittacallfha terranova isolated from moss species Bryum a/gens and Ceratodoll purpllreus in Antarctica was described as Artlzrobotrysferox by Onofri and Tosi (1992). Il produces aerial predaceous organs consisting of ovoidal ceIls surrounded by an adhesive secretion and supporled by 2-cell stalks. Strains of A. tortor that \Ve isolated in Antarctica are close toA.ferox, but lhey do not exhibit the peculiarity in culture of A . ferox to produce predaceous organs on the aerial hyphae. According to Onofri and Tosi (1992), the production of predaceous organs is ve~· difficulL Further studies are required to fuIly eva luate thisability fromour strains ofArtltrohotl}'s. Besides the conidia of A. fero.\: are smaller than those of A. tortor. Ellgyodolltium a/hum (Limbe,.) de Hoog The genus Ellgyodontium \Vas erected by de Hoog (1978) toaccoll1modate species in which some polyblastic conidiogenolls cells \Vith narrow denticles are formed. Arlhroboll}'S 101'101' and Eng}?donlilllll alblllllfi"olll Anlarclica. G. Carella el al. Seven species were included in this genus by de Hoog, being ene ofthem E. a/hum (Lil/lbel~ de Hoog. This is a new combination erected by de Hoog for Tritirachium u/hum 'Lilllber (basionym) and Beauveria alha (Lil/lbel~ Saooas. li'his genus is characterized by hyaline. branched conicliophores. subverticillate to verticilIate. polyblastic coni(!jiogenous celIs formi ng holoblastic one-celI-conidia on butl-shaped denticles on elongated rachids. Engyodontium is closely related to genlls Tritirachium and shows features which link the anamorph genera Ver.ticillium and Aphanocladium (Gams et al., 1984). Tritiruchium Lilllber differs in pigmented colonies and reguléllily geniculate conidiiferous rachids with flat conidial scaFS. In E. u/hum branching of conidiophore is strictIy veliticillate, rachids geniculate with regulady spaced and butt-shaped denticles concentrated in the apical region. 1Vhe morphological characteristics oC our isolates from Victo~ia Land (Antarctica) were ver)' similar toE. a/hum as reported by de Hoog. On moss plate culture and PDA our strains produce ",hite colonies with abundant aerial myeelium. Conidiophores are ascendent to sllberect. branehing verticillate. conidiiferous rachids geniculate producing conidia from short denticles. conidia sublllate to elIipsoidal, 2.5-3.5 x 2-3 ¡.1I11. The sympodial ACKNOWLEDGMENTS conidiogenous celIs, or rachids. ofthe antarctic strains of E. a/hum are longer. They are similar to the geniculale rachids of the genera Acrodontium and Tritirochium . that develop sympodially. Engyodontium a/hum is close to E. parvisporum (Peteh) de Hoog: the main feature for distinguishing of both species is, according to de Hoog, the rachids, cylindrical, slightly flexuosewith extremelythin denticles inE.parvisporum, with geniculate butt-shapeddenticles on the edges in E. a/hum. The host of E. olhum strains isolated in Antarctica is difficult to determine. In this area the presence of colIembola and miles has been confirmed. It is interesting to note ho\\' the nematophagous A. tortor and the entomogenousE. a/hum, as well asAcremoniummictum, Beauveria bassiana andPaecilomycesfarinosus appear to be a component of the m)'cota of this glaciated area. Their occurrence was found in Antarctica to be restricted to the mosses or the soi1 on which the mosses are present. Occurrence of these fungi on this substratum could be linked tocolIembola and nematode populations. colonists ofthis potentialIy favourable habitat, as it is lhe case with the bryoflora in Victoria Land consisting of sparsely de\'eloped communities of turf- and cushion-forming mosses (Broady et al .. 1987: Longton. 1973). We thank Dr. Walter Qams for his valuable suggestions and criticisms on this paper, colleagues S. Onofri. O. Maggi and S. Sedmack who collected the samples in Antarctica, the National Programme of Antarctic Research for financial gran! and the E.N.E.A. for technical support. REFERENCES Broady P., Gh'en D., Greenfield L. und Tholllpson K (1987) Th~ Biota and environment (~ffil1naJ'oles 011 1'.11. ¡\'klhollll1~. Nlll1h~1l1 Victoria Land. Polar Biology 7: 97·1 !:l . Del Frote G. & Carettll G. (1990.) FlIngi isolat~d fmm Al1tar~t i~ material. Polar Billlogy 11: 1·7. Gams W., Hoog G.S. d.c, Slllllson R....\.. allll E\'llIlS H.C. ( 1984) Th~ hyphomyc~te genlls E/lgyotlo/lt;"m. a link b~l\\'een I 'ert;c;lJjum and Aplla/loc/atl;lIIn. Persnonia 12 : !:l5·147. GI'II~·. l", F. (1985) Nelllatophagolls tll!1gi trolll the Illaritillle Antarctic: t(¡ctnrs atrecting distriblltinn. 1\'1ycopathnlogia 90: 165-176. GI'II)'. N, F. & SlIIith R.I.L. (1984) The distribution ofnelllatophagolls li.lllgi in the maritillle Al1tarctica. Mycopathologia 85: 81·92. Hoog, G.S. dl'. (1972) The genera Bealll'er;a. /saria. Trilirac/¡;"m and .·[crOllo/lt;"", gen. no\'. Stlldies in Mycology 1: 1·41. .. -....•.......... (1978) "iotes on sOllle Ii.lllgicolollS I-Iyphon ~'clltes and th~ir rdati\·~s. Persoonia 10: 33·81. 11 Arthrobótrys torror and Engpdontllllll alblllll lrolll .'Intaretlea. G. Cm'etta et al. ,' J;rrowlljll, N. ( 1968) Art¡'robotrys tortor sp. no\'. New predacious . nematod~-killing fungus. Acta mycologica. 4: 241 -247. --------,--'------- (1970) Th~ genusArt¡'",botrys . .-\ctn 111ycologica 6: 337-406. Longt!!", R. E. (1973) A class ilication of telTestrial wgdat ionnear Mc Murdo Sound, continental Antarcti ca. Canad ian Jl1l1lllal ol'Botany ) 1: 23 39-2349. M Olltenulrtill.i C0I1e, A.; Clu 'ettn, G. & Del Fl'llt~, G. ( 1993) - Notes on T¡'elebollls microsportls i so 1at~d in .'\.ntarctica. Mycotaxon XLVIII: 343-358. : ., 12 Ollofl'i, S. & Tosi S. (1992) Art¡'robotrysferox sp. nov., u springtJI capturing Hypho111ycete fi'OIIl continental Antarctica. Mycotaxl 44 . 445-451. OOl'SdlOt, C.A.N. VUII. (1985) Taxl1nomy ofthe Dactylaria comple V. A reviewofArllrrobotry·s and allied genero. Studies in Mycolog 26: 6 1-95. ! Schcllck, S.; Kl'lIdl'ick, \V.B. & Pl'IIllICr, D. ( 1977) A new nematod' trapping Hyphol11)'cde and a reeva lllation of Dact)'laria 8n Artllrobotrys. Canudian JOlll1lal 01' Botany 55 : 977-985. Arlhrobolrys lo/'lor and Engy.)dol1lilllll alblllllfrolll A nlarClica. G. Cm'e lla el al. Fig. 1: Artlzrobotrys tortor. Tips of conidiophorcs: A arthrobotryoid: B gcniculariod: e, D, E candelabrelloid; F extended arthrobotryoid: C conidia. A. bars = 20 ~Ull: B-C. bars = 10 ¡.Ull. H-I. Engyodontium (I/bum; mono and bi\'crticillatc conidiophores: gcniculatc rachids \Vith denticles. Bars = 10 ¡.un 13 

A record of Arthrobotrys tortor Jarowaja and Engyodontium album (Limber) de Hoog from Antarctica

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A record of Arthrobotrys tortor Jarowaja and Engyodontium album (Limber) de Hoog from Antarctica

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