This experiment have purposes for producing solid waste briquettes from the production of Crude Palm Oil, determining optimum condition from the composition and temperature of carbonzation, with the specifications such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and calorific value. Methods for this experiment are variations of carbonization temperature from 400oC, 500oC, 600oC, 700oC until 800oC and variations of tapioca adhesion's composition from 7,5,12, until 14. The steps for producing briquettes are preparing material, analyzing material, and analyzing product. The result of experiment shows that briquette with carbonization temperature at 800oC with comparison of solid waste material and tapioca adhesion at 88:12 has optimum moisture content, ash content, and calorific value (7569.21 cal/g). 800oC is optimum temperature which is used to produce briquette with best quality fulfill SNI (Indonesian Standard) . The using of more adhesion will affect to the increasing of briquette's ash content. However, the using of less adhesion will affect to the increasing of briquette's volatile matter

Fatria, Fatria

Khodijah, Siti

Yuliati, Selastia

POLSRI REPOSITORY

B 21Proceeding Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST) 2016CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES FROM SOLID WASTE OF CRUDEPALMOIL PRODUCTION AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGYFatria1), Siti Khodijah2), Selastia Yuliati3)1)Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Palembang, IndonesiaE-mail: fatriaahmadan@yahoo.co.id2)Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Srijaya Negara Street, Palembang 30139, IndonesiaE-mail: chodijahsiti63@yahoo.com3)Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Srijaya Negara Street, Palembang, 30139, IndonesiaE-mail: selastiayuliati@yahoo.comAbstract. This experiment have purposes for producing solid waste briquettes from the production of Crude Palm Oil,determining optimum condition from the composition and temperature of carbonzation, with the specifications such asmoisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and calorific value. Methods for this experiment arevariations of carbonization temperature from 400oC, 500oC, 600oC, 700oC until 800oC and variations of tapiocaadhesion's composition from 7,5,12, until 14. The steps for producing briquettes are preparing material, analyzingmaterial, and analyzing product. The result of experiment shows that briquette with carbonization temperature at 800oCwith comparison of solid waste material and tapioca adhesion at 88:12 has optimum moisture content, ash content, andcalorific value (7569.21 cal/g). 800oC is optimum temperature which is used to produce briquette with best quality fulfillSNI (Indonesian Standard) . The using of more adhesion will affect to the increasing of briquette's ash content. However,the using of less adhesion will affect to the increasing of briquette's volatile matter.Keywords : briquette, carbonzation , calorific value, solid waste, volatile matterI. INTRODUCTIONCharcoal briquettes is one of fuel has longbeen known in Indonesia, but this time the fuel consumptionis not so optimal performance, this is due to not socializedcharcoal briquettes in the life of the widercommunity. Charcoal briquettes are very good to be used inaddition to cheap, does not pollute the environment andhave a very high heat insulation value [11]. The results ofthe palm oil processing (solid waste) is a new way to getcharcoal briquettes where the waste has only removedwithout thought of the benefits from the waste. In addition tothe charcoal briquettes is a fuel without the smoke, so thatthe fuel is very good for the environment. Solid fuel is veryeffective and efficient when compared with other fuel,because the content of volatile matter isquite low so that thesmoke that inflicted on its use will not interfere with thecomfort of this type of fuel users.Industry of Palm oil processing CPO (Crude PalmOil) produce several kinds of side products (waste) that oneof them is in the form of solid waste in the form of sludgethat is often called the solid. That waste blackish brown andcontains elements of chemical compounds which is afraction of the main compounds forming the briquette. Solidwaste palm oil processing result in South Sumatra is thelargest waste products produced CPO industry. But the valueof the utilization of this waste as fertilizer is not runningproperly, so that the solid waste is only allowed in the openenvironment and can cause environmental pollution. Toincrease the value of the benefits from the solid waste is thenrequired further processing. One of which is implemented bymaking solid waste as fuel. To get briquette charcoal thatmeet the standard SNI (Indonesian Standard) and the valueof the heat insulation high enough, then we must do theburning with perfect so that the process of carbonization. Inthe process of the above carbonization is closely related withtemperature or the temperature of the mixture from burningand variation of the composition of the waste. Thetemperature variations that used is 300-800o C [12], wheretemperature variations are able to produce charcoalbriquettes that have the calorificvalue high enough, so alsowith the value of yield and ash content.Turning point from the explanation above, so isnecessary to do research on the making of briquettes withtake advantage of solid waste (sludge/solid)from decanterunit Palm Oil Processing Plant in SouthSumatra. In this case, it is expected that the solid waste canbe enhanced the value of the benefits with processed intobriquettes as an alternative energy fuel replacement. ThisFatria, Charcoal Briquettes from Solid Waste ...  B 22research was aimed at getting charcoal briquettes byutilizing the waste sludge decanter unit palm oil processingresult as replacement alternative fuel energy fullfill thestandard SNI also determine calorific value, percentage ofyield, moisture content, ash and calorific value fromcharcoal briquettes produced.II. RESEARCH METHODThe method used in the process of making somebriquette from the solid waste is using the method of theexperiment using variations of temperature of carbonizationand variations composition of adhesion material in thelaboratory scale. Wake and Ruhendi define adhesive as acapable of uniting objects of this type or not a kind ofthrough a bond or touch the surface and made the packagehaving the nature of resistant to efforts separation. Thecomposition of solid waste and the type of adhesion alsoused to determine the contents of volatile matter and thecalorific value. The calorific value which full fill thestandard SNI is 5000 - 6000 kcal, this will be achieved whenthe temperature variations and the composition mixture isoptimum. The variable of carbonization temperature usedis 400oC, 500oC, 600oC, 700oC, 800oC. And variationcomposition of a mixture of raw material that is usedis 92.5% solid waste, 7.5% tapioca; 98% solidwaste, 12%tapioca, and 96% of solidwaste, 14% tapioca. This researchwas done by the method of analysis of raw materials andproducts that includes analysis of yield, moisture content,ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon and calorific value.Analysisdata used the method of tabulation andanalysis regressionby graph. Analysis results obtained theyield content, moisture content, ash and calorific value fromcharcoal briquettes that full fill the standard.A. Materials and ToolsSolid waste Decanter Unit, Tapioca,Oxygen,Aquadest,Furnace,Analytically Balance,Oven,Crusible, Porcelain,Stopwatch,Thermometer 250oC,Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter (IKA C-4000)B. Design of the ExperimentThe preparation of the raw material includes theprovision of solid waste materials decanter unit, then do thedrying, size reduction and carbonization, which aims toprepare the raw material that will be used in order toobtained a good briquette products. The raw material dryingthe solid waste is dried at a temperature ± 150oC for 6 hourswhich aims to eliminate free moisture which is contained inthe solid waste decanter unit. Solid waste at the time will bedried and printed first in order to make it easier when drying.After dry, raw material is relatively large did the sizereduction so that later obtained the size of the rawmaterial is smaller/smooth. Size reduction of this is done byusing the appliance splitters crusher. Carbonization processaims to reduce the volatile matter and increase fixedcarbon, so that obtained semi-coke (coalite) in the form of ablack solid and free of pollution (not smoky and odorless).Carbonization raw material is done by using the temperaturevariable 400oC, 500oC, 600oC, 700oC, 800oC and eachfor 0,5 hours.III. RESULT and DISCUSSIONA. Analysis ofMoisture Content on the BriquetteIn the figure 1, briquette with temperature ofcarbonization 800oC with the composition 92.5% : 7.5%,88% : 12% and 86% : 14% that each of the moisture contentis 7.12%, 7.47% and 7.27% has full fill the standard. Incarbonization temperatures briquettes 400oC that full fill thebriquettes standards that is briquette with the composition ofthe 86% : 14% moisture content is 7.27%. From the fourbriquette it the most optimal is carbonization temperaturebriquettes 800oC, with composition 92.5% : 7.5%. Whileonthe briquettes with the composition and other carbonizationtemperatures have not full fill the standard briquettemoisture content because it still too high up to reach 12.96%on the briquettes with the composition 86% : 14% ontemperature 800oC.Fig 1. Graph relation of variations of carbonizationtemperatures and moisture content on the briquettesOverall the produced briquettes hasmoisture contenton each of the composition quite low. If seen from thestandard briquettes produced [12], which produce charcoalbriquettes with moisture content 8.47% to briquettes fromthe shell oil palm plantations and 9.77% from Empty Bunchof Palm Oil(TKKS) briquette,the briquette produced in thisresearch has been in according with charcoal briquettestandards. Especially at a carbonization temperaturebriquettes 600oC, 700oC, and 800oC with adhesive materialcomposition 12% and 7,5%. Increasing the temperature ofcarbonization, then the moisture content decrease and also ifthe composition of the adhesive material raised, the moisturecontent will also increase. This is because if thecarbonization temperature increasing, then freemoisturecontainedin the early raw materials (solid waste)will be more evaporated, so that the inherent moisturecontenton semi-coke obtained will be decreased and so dotoo. The composition of the tapioca added to the briquette isvery influential ofmoisture content briquette.10,49 10,258,259,47,1211,828,828,47 8,437,4712,9611,7611,2510,817,2768101214300 400 500 600 700 800 900MoistureContent (%)Carbonization Temperature (oC)Moisture Content for any Temperatures CharcoalBriquettes92.5% : 7,5% 88% : 12%86% : 14%8,478,47StandarBriketB 23Proceeding Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST) 2016B. Analysis of Ash Content on the BriquettesFig 2. Graph relation of variations carbonizationtemperatures and ash content on the briquettesOn the graph above can be analyzed that overallbriquettes produced have ash content that is full fill thebriquette standards. The optimalbriquette containedfor thecomposition of 80% :12% at a temperature of carbonization800oC is 10.52% and 500oC (15.07%). The lower ashcontent of briquette attemperature 700oC and 800oC becauseat least the mineralcontained in the briquette that can not beburned. During carbonization happened, mineralcomponents such as sulfur,some alkali and waterhydration,drop out with the volatile matter. While on thebriquette with low temperature of carbonization (400oC)minerals that are found in the raw material cannot be dropout with maximum at this temperature,minerals and otheralkali compounds not burned perfectly. This shows that theadhesive material is influential for ash content on thebriquette.C. Analysisof Volatile Matter on the BriquettesAnalysis of volatile matter on synthesis briquette can beshown in the figure 3.Fig 3. Graph relation of carbonization temperatures andvolatile matter on the briquettesFrom the figure3, the graphic that shows the influenceof carbonization temperature and composition briquetteconcerningvolatile matter on the briquette. From the graphcan be known that there are two types of the briquette hasfull fill the standard volatile matter of the briquette. Atacarbonization temperature briquettes 500oC composition92.5% :7.5% have volatile matter 14.91%, briquettes at thecarbonization temperature 600oC composition 88% : 12%;and 86% : 14%, each volatile matter 12.25% and 12.75%,briquettes at the carbonization temperature 700oCcomposition 88% : 12% have volatile matter 11,86%, andbriquettes at the carbonization temperature 800oCcomposition 14% tapioca contained 12.41%. This fifthbriquette has fullfill the standard volatile matter for coalbriquettes that have the volatile matter ranges from 12%-15%. But the most optimum is carbonization temperaturebriquettes 600oC with composition 14% tapioca, because theproportion of the volatile matter is not too high and not toolow. The briquette has the highest volatile matter containthere on the briquette with carbonization temperature 400oCcomposition 86% : 14%. While the briquette with the lowestvolatile matter found on carbonization temperature 800oCcomposition 92,5% : 7.5%.In addition, adding ingredients like adhesive materialalso affects the biggest of the volatile matter content. Themoreingredients of adhesive is used then the volatile mattercontent will also increase. This was influenced by thecontent that is found in the tapioca as phosphor,carbohydrates, calcium, vitamin C and protein can increasethe volatile matter content.D. The Influence of VariationstheCarbonizationTemperatureandFixed Carbon ofComposition Raw Material Mixture on the BriquettesFig 4. Graph relation of variations of carbonizationtemperature and content of fixed carbon on the briquetteproductFrom the figure 4 can be known that the briquettesproduced from solid waste materials decanter unit with adifferent carbonization temperature produced fixedcarbon ishigh. From the lowest temperature carbonization until thehighest level of carbonizationfixed carbon content thatproduced very high. According to the standard of thebriquettes produced [12], fixed carbon on charcoal briquettesfrom the bunches palm oil is 53.82% and briquettes from theshell oil palm plantations is 69.25%. On the briquette14,213,7911,711,32 10,6116,08 15,0714,1112,4110,5218,3817,2315,2513,5912,9917,159,658121620300 400 500 600 700 800 900Ash Content (%)Carbonization Temperature (oC)Ash Content for any Carbonization Temperature92,5% : 7,5% 88% : 12%86% : 14% Standar Briket16,1214,9111,139,796,5318,1616,9212,25 11,867,9521,1517,4212,75 12,43 12,411512510152025300 400 500 600 700 800 900Volatile Matter (%)Carbonization Temperature (oC)Volatile Matter for any CarbonizationTemperatures92,5% : 7,5% 88% : 12%86% : 14% Standar Briket59.9661.5768.42 69.7275.6851.5558.7365.0866.39 70.7450.8755.2360.9864.1872.54566050607080300 400 500 600 700 800 900Fixed Carbon (%)Carbonization Temperature (oC)Fixed Carbon for any CarbonizationTemperatures92,5% : 7,5% 88% : 12%86% : 14% Standar BriketFatria, Charcoal Briquettes from Solid Waste ...  B 24research from the solid waste is produced some briquettecomposition according to the standards of briquettes with acarbonization temperature 500oC composition 92.5% : 7.5%,600oC and 700oC. While some briquette with carbonizationtemperature 800oC has the highest carbon level on thecomposition of 92.5% : 7.5%is 75.68%. The lowest fixedcarbon content that obtained at the briquettes withcarbonization temperature 400oC with the composition 86%: 14% is 50.87%.The data above shows that the higher thecarbonization temperature then will be more fixed carboncontent to be found. This happened because with the hightemperature then volatile matter content is missing orremoved will be more, so that the fixed carbon content isincreasing again. So also on the contrary if the carbonizationtemperature low then the volatile matter there on rawmaterials only despite some or a little, so that the fixedcarbon briquettes to be exact will decrease but the volatilemattercontent increased.E. Analysis of Calorific value on the BriquetteFig5. Graph relation ofcalorific value and carbonizationtemperatureon the Briquette Products.From the results of the analysis of the calorific valueon the figure5, it is known that the value of the calorificvaluebriquettes will increase along the increasecarbonization temperature. The highest of calorific valueonthe briquettes with the composition 92.5% : 7.5%  at atemperature of 800 oC. The composition of tapioca that nottoo many affect the increase in the calorific value ofbriquette. But some briquette with the composition of the88% : 12% indicate increased the calorific value which isnot acute. On the briquette standards produced [12] thecalorific value obtained from charcoal briquettes EmptyBunches Of Palm Oil(TKKS)is 5.578 cal/g and charcoalbriquettes from the shell oil palm plantations 6.600 cal/g.While some briquette produced from solid waste on thisresearch obtained thecalorific value> 7483 cal/g, so thisshows some briquette from the solid waste produces thecalorific value which is better.IV. CONCLUSIONFrom this research can be concluded as follows :In the process of the utilization of solid waste units to madesome charcoal briquette obtained some of the briquette fullfill the standard of charcoal briquettes, that is briquette withoptimum moisture content acquired at a carbonizationtemperature 800oC with the composition 92.5% : 7.5% withthe moisture content 7,12%, lowest ash content obtained atthe temperature 800oC, composition 88% : 12% is 10.52%,the volatile matter contentdecrease with rising carbonizationtemperatures, fixed carbon achieved increased with the risein carbonization temperature and thecalorific value producedhasfullfill the standard because the average above 6300cal/g. The briquette produced from several differentcarbonization temperature are 400oC, 500oC, 600oC, 700oC,and 800oC has different characteristics, from the analysisthat has done obtained that the overall carbonizationtemperature briquettes 800oC produced briquettes with theoptimum quality, that the lowest moisture content (7.12%),the lowest of ash content (up 10.52), the highest fixedcarbon (70.68%) and thehighestcalorific value(7569.21cal/g). But the volatile matter too low that affect the qualityof the briquette.ACKNOWLEGMENTThe authors give thank you to all parties who helped in thisresearch, especially to RISTEKDIKTI which has givenresearch funds. Utterance thanks also to technicianlaboratory has helped contributing in this research. Hopefullthis research usefull for the other researchers.REFERENCES[1] Anang Aliansyah. 1984. Pembuatan dan Kegunaan Briket Arang.Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Industri Banjar Baru.[2] Anonim. 1999.Mutu dan Cara Uji Briket Arang Standard IndustriIndonesia (SII) 0250-89. Departemen Perindustrian, Jakarta.[3] Archie, W, Culp. Jr. 1991. Prinsip-prinsip Konversi Energi.Erlangga, Jakarta.[4] Cheremisinoff, P.N and I. Ellerbusch. 1998.Carbon AdsortionHandbook. Arbor Science Publisher Co, Inc, Michigan, USA.[5] Fadarina, 2002. Briket Arang dari Batubara Antracite. LaporanPenelitian Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Palembang.[6] Hassler J.W.1974.Purification With Activated Carbon IndustriCommercial Enviromental. Chemical Publishing, Co, Inc, NewYork.[7] Heyne. 1978.Tambahan Berguna Indonesia, Jilid II dan III. Jakarta:Penerbit Yayasan Sarna Wanajaya[8] Jovri, Iskandar. 1986. Laporan Penelitian Briket Arang dariBatubara. Teknik Kimia Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang.[9] Julius Bria Sera, 1990. Bioarang Untuk Memasak. Liberty,Yogjakarta.[10] Soeyanto, T. 1982. Cara membuat Sampah Menjadi Arang danKompos. Jakarta: Yudhistira..[11] Sudarmadji, Masrur Sidik. 1993. Memacu Prospektif  BriketBatubara di Sumsel dalam Rangka Penghematan Bahan BakuMinyak dan Penyelamatan Hutan. Seminar Lingkungan Hidup.Palembang.[12] Syahrul, E. 2004.Thesis.Kajian Pembuatan  Arang Aktif dariBatubara Antrasite Dengan Aktivator Secara Kimia dan Fisika.ITB,Bandung.7504,827516,827527,317548,707569,217494,427504,957524,317537,467548,707483,817500,957505,097516,027527,01748075007520754075607580300 400 500 600 700 800 900Calorific Value (cal/g)Carbonization Temperature (oC)Calorific  Value for any Carbonizationtemperature92,5% : 7,5% 86% : 14%

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES FROM SOLID WASTE OF CRUDEPALM OIL PRODUCTION AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

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CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES FROM SOLID WASTE OF CRUDEPALM OIL PRODUCTION AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

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