IDO Atsushi

TSURUMI Koichiro

YORISUE Takefumi

English

紀要類（bulletin）Symposium mini reviewdepartmental bulletin pape

YORISUE, Takefumi

IDO, Atsushi

TSURUMI, Koichiro

Tohoku University Repository (TOUR) / 東北大学機関リポジトリ

Recent Challenges for Developing BarnacleAquaculture Techniques in Japan著者 YORISUE Takefumi, IDO Atsushi, TSURUMIKoichirojournal orpublication titleJournal of Integrated Field Sciencevolume 16page range 13-15year 2019-03URL http://hdl.handle.net/10097/00125661 13IntroductionThoracican barnacles (hereafter referred as barnacles) are sessile crustacean that dominate many intertidal and subtidal environments. Barnacles consist of two orders, Pedunculata (goose barnacles) and Sessilia (acorn barnacles). Goose barnacles attach themselves by means of a stalk while acorn barnacles lack the stalk and their shells directly attach to the substratum. Today, more than ten species of barnacles are distributed in the market worldwide and most of them are consumed by local communities (López et al., 2010; 2012a). A goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes ‘percebes’ is popular in Iberian Peninsula (López et al., 2010; 2012a). The production of this species is 300 to 500 tonnes / year in recent years (López et al., 2010), and resources are decreasing because of the overexploitation (Jacinto et al., 2011; Carvalho et al., 2017). An acorn barnacle Austromegabalanus psittacus ‘picoroco’ is harvested by local fishermen with average landings of 200 t/y in Chille (López et al., 2010). It is also suggested that overexploitation driven resource decline occurs in this species (López et al., 2012b). Such resource declines increased interest to the aquaculture of barnacles (Franco et al., 2015; 2017; López et al., 2012b). However, López et al. (2010) reported that aquacultures of barnacles are conducted only in acorn barnacles in progress at a pilot or a semi-industrial level. The large-scale production of barnacles by aquaculture depends on the optimization of spat collection from the wild and/or the development of mass production techniques for larvae (López et al., 2010).Both acorn and goose barnacles are commercially viable in Japan (López et al., 2010; Oshino, 2006). Recently, authors and colleagues made efforts to develop barnacle aquaculture techniques with using Japanese barnacles. In this paper, we introduce recent topics involved in barnacle aquaculture in Japan.Potency of barnacles as tourism and fishery resources in JapanBarnacles have high potentials to be a popular food sources for Japanese people because of the good taste (Fig. 1) while it is less common at present. A goose barnacle, Capitulum mitella ‘kamenote (Fig. 2a)’ is exploited by local fishermen in western part of Japan (Oshino, 2006). In Aomori prefecture (northeast part of Honshu, Japan), small scale aquaculture of an acorn barnacle Balanus rostratus ‘mine-Fujitsubo (Fig. 2b)’ has been conducted by suspended systems with using spat that produced in the ocean (Tsurumi, 2015). This species ©2019 Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku UniversityJournal of Integrated Field Science, 16, 13-15Symposium mini reviewRecent Challenges for Developing Barnacle Aquaculture Techniques in JapanTakefumi YORISUE1, Atsushi IDO2 and Koichiro TSURUMI3 1Onagawa Field Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 3-1 Mukai, Konori-hama, Onagawa,  Oshika, Miyagi 986-2242, Japan2Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan3Hachinohe Gakuin University, 13-98 Mihono, Hachinohe, Aomori 031-8588, JapanKeywordsaquaculture, Balanus rostratus, barnacle, larval culture, tourism resourcesCorresponding Author Takefumi YORISUE, takefumi.yorisue.d5@tohoku.ac.jpAbstractMore than ten species of barnacles are distributed in the market worldwide. In Japan, they have high potentials as tourism and fishery resources. Small scale aquaculture has been conducted in Aomori prefecture, Japan, since about 20 years ago. However, it needs high quality of skills and only a few fishermen are engaged in the aquaculture. Authors and colleagues have made efforts to develop novel techniques by using Japanese species to achieve efficient production of spats in hatchery and well-shaped barnacles with flat bottoms, by which each individual is easily harvested from the substratum. In addition, there has been increasing interest in developing efficient aquaculture techniques of barnacles worldwide since the resources are declining because of overexploitations. While further efforts are needed, our studies will contribute to activate the local tourisms and economies, as well as conserving resources.T. YORISUE et al.14distributes north part of Japan and is known as “one of the eight delicacies” in Aomori. Selling price of this species can be 7,000 yen/kg (Tsurumi, 2015; 2016) and therefore, it has potentials to activate the tourisms and the economy in Aomori and neighboring areas (Sanriku region that consists of Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi prefectures): if 30% of the tourists who stay at least one night in Sanriku eat two barnacles, the estimated sale is up to 2.7 - 5.5 billion yen/year.Recent progress in barnacle aquaculture techniques in JapanBalanus rostratus was recognized as potential food sources by a local chef and has spread in Aomori in 1990s (Tsurumi, 2015). This species has, then, suffered heavy exploitation pressure in 1990s and the resources have declined (Tsurumi, 2015). In 2000s, studies have been conducted to verify the feasibility of B. rostratus aquaculture in Mutsu Bay (Nakanishi et al., 2003), and Okkirai Bay, Iwate (Kado et al., 2009a). Today, most Balanus rostratus individuals in the market are from the aquaculture in Mutsu Bay. However, it needs skills of highly experienced persons to collect spat in the wild even though ecological properties, such as reproductive season and seasonal patterns of larval distribution, of B. rostratus were well studied in Shizugawa Bay, Miyagi (Yamauchi et al., 2007) and Mutsu Bay in Aomori (Kado et al., 2009b). Only a few fishermen are, therefore, engaged in the aquaculture (Tsurumi, 2016).To promote the aquaculture by fishermen, development of mass production techniques for larvae and spat is necessary. We have succeeded in producing mass culture of larvae in 500 L tanks by feeding Skeletonema costatum, and production of spat (Tsurumi et al., 2015). However, there are still problems to be solved for the consistent production. It is suggested that optimizing lipid condition is important for the cultures of planktonic crustaceans (Yamada et al., 2017). Recently, authors and colleagues identified lipid profiles during the ovary maturation process in B. rostratus (Yamada et al., 2019). Such efforts may contribute to improve the larval culture conditions.Barnacle larvae show gregarious settlement (Clare, 2010) that causes variabilities in adult shell morphologies due to density-dependent effects. In addition, it is practically impossible to separate individuals from each other. Unit of barnacles in the market is, therefore, mass of individuals on a plate (Fig. 2b), which likely leads to decrease the likelihood of purchases by tourists and persons who want to buy just one or two individuals. To solve the problem, we have developed a novel technique to produce barnacles that are uniform in morphology with flat bottoms by which each individual is easily harvested from the plate (Tsurumi, 2016). In this technique, plates are covered with silicone paint with making uncovered spots at regular intervals (Fig. 3a). Because the paint inhibits the settlement of barnacle larvae, settled larvae on the silicone-free spots can grow without competition with neighboring individuals (Fig. 3b). In addition, the paint inhibits the fouling of other organisms during the culture in Fig. 1.  Result of taste test of an acorn barnacle Megabalanus rosa ‘aka-fujitsubo’ conducted in Ehime, Japan in 2015 (Tsurumi, unpublished).Fig. 2.  Commercially viable barnacles in Japan. (a) Capitulum mitella ‘kamenote’ served at a restaurant in Wakayama, Japan. (b) Balanus rostratus ‘mine-fujitsubo’ at a market in Aomori.Barnacle Aquaculture  15the ocean, which drastically reduces the maintenance cost of the plates. It is possible to re-attach the harvested barnacles with flat bottoms to protecting sheets by keeping them in sea water for a day, which reduces the risk of damages during transportation.Similar efforts have also been made to develop the aquaculture systems in another acorn barnacle Megabalanus rosa ‘aka-Fujitsubo’ which distributes western part of Japan (Oshino, 2006; Tsurumi, 2015). Thus, barnacles can be important tourism and fishery resources all over Japan by improving larval culture conditions as well as establishing the business models.ReferencesCarvalho, A. N., P. Vasconcelos, D. Piló, F. Pereira and M. B. Gaspar (2017) Socio-economic, operational and technical characterisation of the harvesting of gooseneck barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) in SW Portugal: Insights towards fishery co-management. Marine Policy, 78: 34-44.Clare, A. S. (2010) Toward a characterization of the chemical cue to barnacle gregariousness. In: Chemical communication in crustaceans, pp. 431-450, Springer, New York.Franco, S. C., N. Aldred, T. Cruz and A. S. Clare (2017) Effects of culture conditions on larval growth and survival of stalked barnacles (Pollicipes pollicipes). Aquaculture research, 48: 2920-2933.Franco, S. C., N. Aldred, A. V. Sykes, T. Cruz and A. S. Clare (2015) The effects of rearing temperature on reproductive conditioning of stalked barnacles (Pollicipes pollicipes). Aquaculture, 448: 410-417.Jacinto, D., T. Cruz, T. Silva and J. J. Castro (2011) Management of the stalked barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) fishery in the Berlengas Nature Reserve (Portugal): evaluation of bag and size limit regulation measures. Scientia Marina, 75: 439-445.Kado, R., J. Suzuki, N. Nanba and H. Ogawa (2009a) Reproduction, growth, and feeding habits of Balanus rostratus Hoek transplanted into Okkirai Bay in northeastern Honshu, Japan, and prospective problems for its aquaculture. Sessile Organisms, 26: 1-10. (in Japanese with English abstract)Kado, R., J. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, N. Nanba and H. Ogawa (2009b) Reproductive cycle, larval duration, settlement, and initial growth of the barnacle Balanus rostratus in Mutsu Bay, northern Japan. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 75: 432-442. (in Japanese with English abstract)López, D. A., B. A. López, S. E. Arriagada, O. A. Mora, P. C. Bedecarratz, M. O. Pineda, M. L. González, L. I. Andrade, J. M. Uribe and V. A. Riquelme (2012b) Diversification of Chilean aquaculture: the case of the giant barnacle Austromegabalanus psittacus (Molina, 1782). Submission article platform-Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 40: 596-607.López, D. A., B. A. López, C. K. Pham and E. J. Isidro (2012a) Potency of barnacle in aquaculture industry. In: Aquaculture, pp. 295-315, IntechOpen, London.López, D. A., B. A. López, C. K. Pham, E. J. Isidro and M. De Girolamo (2010) Barnacle culture: background, potential and challenges. Aquaculture research, 41: 367-375.Nakanishi, H., Y. Kosaka, K. Yoshida, Y. Shinohara and M. Shikanai (2003) Minefujitsubo youshoku shuhou kaihatsu shaken. Aomoriken Suisan Zoushoku Center Jigyou Houkoku, 33: 229-241. (in Japanese)Oshino, A. (2006) Shin shokuzai to shite no fujitsubo youshoku seisan no kokoromi. In Fujitsurui no saishingaku, pp. 305-316, Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo. (in Japanese)Tsurumi, K. (2015) Kakureta koukyu shokuzai fujitsubo youshoku kenkyu no genjou to kadai. Aquaculture Business, 52: 7-10. (in Japanese)Tsurumi, K. (2016) Fujitsubo youshoku gijutu no kaihatsu. Yutakana Umi. 40: 1-5. (in Japanese)Tsurumi, K., K. Matsumura, D. Miyahara, A. Ido, C. Asai and R. Kado (2015) New cultivation system of barnacles as new fisheries products. Sessile Organisms, 32: 14-15.Yamada H., M. Hakozaki, A. Shiraishi, K. Kumagai, A. Ido and K. Tsurumi (2019) Changes in lipids during the ovary maturation process of Balanus rostratus. Zoological Science, 36: 182-188.Yamada, H., Y. Yamazaki, S. Koike, M. Hakozaki, N. Nagahora, S. Yuki, A. Yano, K. Tsurumi and T. Okumura (2017) Lipids, fatty acids and hydroxy-fatty acids of Euphausia pacifica. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 9944.Yamauchi, T., K. Tanaka, A. Dazai, O. Abe, M. Sato, Y. Yokohama and K. Okoshi (2007) The population dynamics of Balanus rostratus (Cirripedia: Thoracica) in Shizugawa Bay, northern Japan. Sessile Organisms, 24: 1-8. (in Japanese with English abstract)Fig. 3.  Novel plates to produce well-shaped barnacles. (a) A plastic plate covered with silicone paint. Arrows indicate silicone-free spots. (b) Adult barnacles attached on the plates and cultured in the ocean. Bottom of each barnacle individual is flat and it is easily harvested by inflecting the plate.

Recent Challenges for Developing Barnacle Aquaculture Techniques in Japan

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Recent Challenges for Developing Barnacle Aquaculture Techniques in Japan

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