Andison, H

Downes, W.

English

Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

Proceedings f or 19 -12 13 Literature A partial lis t 01' references appertaining to taxoncmic revisions and to life 1:J.istories of some of the Vancouver Island species dealt with in this paper is appE·nded !1ere. Chamberlin, W. J. 1928. Remarks on the Buprestidae (Coleoptera ) of the North Pacific Coast region with descriptions of new speciEs. Pan-Pacific Ent. 5 (2 ) :93-95 . 1929. Loc. cit .. 5 (3) : 109-116. Hardy, G. A. 1926. Cerambycidae of Vancouver Island. (Preliminary annotated :'ist.! Report Provincial Mus . Nat. Rist . rBritish Columbia] for 1925. pp . 24-33. pis. 4 & 5 . . ---- 1927. Cerambycidae of Vancouver Island (Supplement). Loc. cit. for 1926. pp. 34-37, pI. 4. ----- 1927. Buprestidae of Vancouver Island. (Preliminary annotatEd list.) Loc. cit. for 1926, pp. 32-34 . pI. 3. Hardy, G. A. 1936. Notes on Vancouver Island Cerambycidae. Loc. cit. for 1935, pp. 34-35. Hardy, G. A. and W. H. A. Preece. 1926. Notes on some species of Cerambycidae (Col.J from the southern portion of Vancouver Island . B. C. Pan-Pacific Ent. 3(1 ) :34-40 . Hardy, G. A., and W. H. A. Preece. 1927. Further notes on some species of Cerambycidae (Coi.) from the southern portion of Vancouver Island, B .C ., with descriptions of some new varieties P an-Pacific Ent. 3(4 ) : 187-193. Hardy, G. A., and W. H. A. Preece. 1927. Additional notes on some Cerambycidae (Coi.) from Va ncouver Island , B .C . Pan-Pacific Ent. 4 (2) :61-67 . Hopping, G. 1932 . A revision of the Clytini of Boreal America , (Cerambycidae, Coleop-tera) P t . 1. Ann. Ent. Soc . America . 25 (3) :529-570. pis . 1-5. Hopping, R. 1937. The Lepturini of America North of Mexico , Pt . 2. Nat. Mus. Canada. Ottawa. Bull. 85 , 42 pp., 6 pis . Leng, C. W. 1920. Ca talogue of Coleoptera of America north of Mexico. J. D. Sherma n. Jr. , Mount Vernon , N. Y. Swaine, J . M. and Ralph Hopping. 1928. The Lepturini of America North of Mexico. Pt. 1. Nat. Mus. Canada, Ottawa. Bull. 52. 97 pp. , 13 pis. Van Dyke, E. C. 1937. Notes and descriptions of North American Buprestidae and Cerambycidae (Coleoptera ) . Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc . 32(3 ) : 105-116. THE APPLE SAWFLY HOPLOCAMPA TESTUDINEA KLUG. ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA ':' \V. D U WN ES IlIUI H ...... :" I)[,O N Dominion Entomological La boratory. Victoria . B .C. r n J lIn c 19 +0 SOl1l C sm a II apple-,; damaged hI ' a hOI-i n g ilbt'c t wc re hrou gh t to th e E nto l11 o logiCl I L a ho ra to l'l' a t Vic-to ri a h\' th e ow n c r of a c it\' ga rd e n . Eac h app le had a rOllnd 110k in th l' s ick n C;lrlr o ne- eighth o f a n in c h in Jial11L·tc r j th e inter ior wa~ l'xte nsive lr t'xc \ \'a t l'd and contain cd a hl ac k oozy pulp. In s() m l' of th c a ppl es a w hit ish sawfh la r "a was fOllnd . Thi , t~ ' P L' of In JII I'\ ' was s(;I11 l' thin g entire ly n e w to liS and th l' apples WC'i't' f o r ward ed to \ 1 r . \V. .-\ . R.()SS of th e Vin e land Statiun, Ontario, Iahoratory w h() tentati \'e l\, idc nti fi ed th l' in sec t as th e a ppl e saw fl y, H o/'lucalllpa trstllriinc([ Kill g. L a te r this ickntifi ca tio n was con firm ed hr Dr . • -\ . M. V1assC'(' of • Contribution No. 2169 , Division of En-tomology, Science Service, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. th l' last Vlall ing R esea rc h Sta tion, K ent, E ng land, to w ho m so m e o f th l' larval' w e r L' SL' n t hy th e D ominion E ntomolog ist. This is thl' first kn own occ urrence of th is in sl'c t ill N() rth A m c r ica. A bri e f sun'c\' sh()w ed th a t th e speci es was pres-L'lI t ill parts o f thL' c it\' o f Vi ctoria a lld th l' adj()illill g mUlli c ipality () f Oa k Ba\ (j \'l' r a ll a rl'a of app roxi m a tt' h ' SIX squ a r l' m i les . Distribution and economic importance: Th l' a ppk sa w fl)' is d istriblltcd over th t' w l1<lil- ( tlnt in l' nt ()f Europe hut is m o re c()mm () 11 ill till' n o rth . It is th e most importa llt a ppl t: pes t in m a n y parts of G erma n y, D enm a rk, south- wes t F ra n Ct a lld H o ll a lld. It is foulld ill most pa rts ()f E ng la nd hut appea rs t () he onl y loca l-h · comm () 11 a nd seasona l in a hund a ncc . .IV'lasSL'c ( :2) sta tC's: "This insec t is re-74 Entomological Society of B.C. sponsihl c f"r mll ch "f th e use less fruit g rown In th e a ppl e "rc ha rds o f E n g -land. " The fruit is a tta cked as soo n as it heg ins to form and hI' th e tim e th e appl e is a n in c h in di am ete r th e larva is full grown and ready to leave throu g h a la rge ho le in th e side. Th e infested fruit fall s to th e g round e ithe r he for e o r a ft e r th e larva leaves it. In addition to th e d estruc tion of yo un g fruit, a scc-ondary injury is ca used to m a ny of th e appl es hy surface fee din g. T hc v()lln g la r va, he for e it l' nte rs a fruitlet, m ay fe ed on th e cxter ior o f a n adj oi nin g on e, which res ults in c hara c te risti c rih-honlike scars o r d c form i t~, . Th e injury is quite different f rom that ca used hI' th e codlin g m oth. Large cav iti es a re ea ten in th e centre of th e a pple ;l11d th e re is always a n ope nin g to th e l'X-te rio r even a t a n early stage. The lana docs n ot a lways compl ete its growt h wi thin a si n g le fruit and if th e first is in suffi c ient f o r its use he for e it r t'ac hcs m a turity it passes to th e n ext one a nd so a succession of young fruits may he destroyed . The cav iti es are f ull of hlack o r hrown m essy fra ss w hich often exud es from th e hole a t th e sid e. Infestat ion ohse rved a t Victoria va ri ed from sli g ht, to possihl y 50 or 60 per ce llt. Life History: Th e adults ap pl'a r on th e Wl11g as soo n as the ;lppll' trc es co m c into hloom . In 19 41 ca rl\' appl es we re in fl owe r in th e neigh hou rhood "f Victoria on A,p ril 10 . Th e first sawfl ies w ere co ll ec ted on Ap ril I H hut sin ce th er we re quite Ilumero us it is probahl e th a t th ey had heg ull to appea r a w ee k bef"re tbat date. The proportion ()f mal es t() f em a les on A pril 1 H was 4 t() I a nd fi ve days la te r 2 to I . Th e ad ults a r c: active onl y In bright ~u nli g ht a nd on dull days n one co uld he found. They a re sw ift in fli g ht a nd n()t l'Cry easy to ob-ta in, si n ce th e m a j()rity see m to pre fn th e bl osso m s on th e upper hran c hes ()f th e trees. Only trees in full hl oom were visited hy th em a nd as soo n as th e peta ls hega n to fa ll th ey Id't th()se trees for ot hers . No n e we re f ou nd on trees from w hich th e hloom had dropped. Acco rd-in g to ou r obse r va tion in 19 + 1 th e adults were ()n th e w in g for about three w ec ks. Oviposition was n()t ohse rv ed althoug h th e fem a les we re frelju cntl y wa tc hed as th ey crawl ed ()HT th e hlossoms. The egg is in se rt ed from th e ()utsick ()f th e ca ly x just hel()w a se pa l, IS pushcd right through and m ay he found at th e hase "f th e fi la m ents ()r nca r th e st.\' It:, th e pc:s ltl on he in g indicated hy a sm a ll rust )' -hrown spot w hich is ()ften partly oh-sc ured hy puhesce nce. Those seen hy us we re w h ite, g l ist l" n ing, () va 1 and abou t I 111111. in di a m ete r. According to E n g -lish a nd German a uth () r iti es th e ave rage numher laid is 12 () r 13 w ith a m ax imum of 20 to 2 2. The in c llhation per iod is aho ut 13 days. S()m e of th t larval' re-m aI n wi thin th e calyx af ter ha tching, w hil e ()th e rs leave th t egg pocket a nd fl'ed ()n th e exte ri o r ()f th e \'oung fruit, I: r () n a n adjo inin g () n t, forming a c ha racter istic lin ea l ~ca r . These lin ea l ~ca rs we re found t() he 111uc h m()re fr t -lju ent lin small-sized vari eti es ()f a pple , suc h as crahs, w ith m a ny fruits to a c luster , th a n ()n large-siznl I'arieti es. The larva: Th e lan'a is crl"a m y- w hitl: w ith a da rk brown hea d a llli a blac k ()r dusk\, chitinous plate Oil th e upper surface ()f th e a na l seg m ellt. Wh en m ature it is aho ut 12 mm. in Icn g tll. There a rc 6 :t/lCl<: m ina l and ()n e a nal pa ir of prol egs. Oil th e la hrum , in th e middl e ()f th e t w" muscle a ttac hments, th e re is a da rk hrown trian g ul ar SP()t. Lib: those of m a ny other spec ies of sawfli es, th e la r vae have a most o jfensive ()dollr which in this case resc mhl es th a t of :1 pentato111id hu g. Th ey a re actin' a nd ca pa bl e o f c ra w lin g so m e di stan ce afte r droppin g to th e g round, which th e), do in Jun c w hen m a ture. They then en ter th e: sn il to a d epth of f()ur to eig ht in ches and f()rm compac t , ()I 'a l, hro wn cocoons, 7 t () Hmm. long a nd :3 to 4 111m. w id e, those: of femal es be in g the larger . DlIr-in g th e res t of t he season th e insec t re-maIns as a Ia r l'a w ithin th e cocoon a nd pllpa tl()n ta kes pla ce: In th e fo ll ()w in g Proceeding .i f or I Y-I-2 13 ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------sprin g- . Velhin g-e r (6 ) sta tes th at the diapause lasts 9 m () nths where the de-velopm ent IS annual and 2 1 m<lnth, where it is hi enn ia l. The dt:l'e l<lpmenta l peri od o f th e la n 'a In th e ( ()( <lon IS prohahl\' dependent upon the moisture o f th e en viro nment at th e time <If spinnin g: and upon th e temperature uur-IIl g th e first hihern a tion. ,\l()i , tur l' IS a ll-important to th e we lfa re of the insect durin g th e diapause, F rom a considerahle num her o f cocoons coll ec ted hy us on l\, three adults emerged, w hi ch is attrihut-ahl e to a n insuffic ient moi stur L' supph, The adult : Th e adu lt saw lh IS hl ack on th e do rsa l surfaCl' exce pt th L' head , w hi ch IS orange I'e ll ow wi th a hl ac k patch hetwee n th e e\,l" . Th e L'res a re hlack , Th e antcnnae a rc ye ll ow wi th a dusk)' or hlack mark a t th e hase <I f seg-ments ,1, 4 <l nd 5 (In th L' uppn side, Th e t ip o f th e ahdo men in hoth Sexes is r e l-low hut this is m<lr L' appa rent in th e males, Th e ITntra l side of the a hdom en and th e legs a rc ()ran ge ye ll ow , Th L' w ings a rc transparent, somew hat iri tk,-ce nt , with hrownish or hlack I'l' ins and costa l ma rg in wi th th L' sti g ma da rk L'X-ce pt at th e ap ical end which is 1(' ll ow, Th e f ema les a rc ahout 6 mm, lon g- , th e mal es sli g htl y small e r, H , t es t/ lf/ i IlCfI reprod llces hoth hi sl'x-uall y an d parth ell()ge ll eti ca lly , AccorJin g to Th eoha ld ( I ) a secon d g-c nera ti on has hee n ohsc r n'd occas i()n a ll y In E ng land . This was not confirmed h)' Velhin ge r (6) in G erman\" T he second g-e n("J'a -tion is sa id to attack la rge apples in J ul\' a nd ,\u g- ust. ft is possi hle that a second genera ti on co uld occ ur where hi g- her ;; umm er tem pera tures are g l' ncra l. Th L' app le saw A.\' was undouht t' dl y in-troduced in ha Il ed nurse ry stock, E "L'n with th e Ill ost ca re ful ('xa minat i()n ()f th e soil it IS diffi cult to detL'ct the cocoons, for hl:i ng covered w ith g ra illS of ea rth th e.\' Gln llOt he d isti n g u ished exce pt hy th eir sy mlll (, tri ca l out linL', from a sma ll pi ece o f soil. To co ll ect man\' of th em, (' IT n where th e.\' a re known to he num erll US, has heen found qUite a d ifficult matter and th e most feasihk meth od is to Aoat th em out of th e s()il in a tuh of wa ter, Impracticability of extermination Th e short SUf\' e)' ca rri ed (Hit in 19 +1) ,howed that th e sawfh had a lread\' spread (llt'i' a IT r\, considerahle a rea 0 f cit.\' and suhurha n lots in w hich appl t' treL'S we r L' c: xtensi I'e I y pla nted, Th L' questi()n 0 f L'x terminat ion be fore th e Jles t could sprcad furth er was immedi a te ly consid erl'd, hut thL' ac tua l limits of the in fec ted a rea were nll t th en know n nor we rL' th e mea ns a,'ail ahJc. for carrying out a campiug n , It was decided at a C()nfL"1' L' nCC of Do-m in io n and Provincia l office rs that SC(lut-in!!: should ht' continued in thL' spr in g (If 1 9~+1, Th L' limit of the infesrcd a rea in 19 + I Ivas found at a poin t six mil es Il Lrth " f th t' ci t.\' , includin !!: th e whole (If th e ll1unicip:I'lity o f O ; k Bay, th e G(lrdon H e'ad and Cadhoro Ba\' di stri cts and th e g rea te r pa rt of th e ci t.\' of Vic-toria, iln a rea of approx imatel.\' 16 squar L' III i les, TIll' sa wA y was not fou nd in Victor ia \ Vcst nor in Esquim:l lt , hut ap-pL'a rt'd t() ha ll' spread in a n o rth L'1' I ~ ' and noJ'thcastcrly ' direc tion, poss ihl y follo w-in g th e ge nera l trend of th e prel'ailin g' w inds, It was SL'en at onc(' th at an ex-tL' rmiJl a ti oJl ca mpaig n in "01 l'iJl g th e des-truction of a ll app lcs over a I)l' riod (If 2 \,ears wou ld he a cn lnssa l under takin g, A ce nsus "f app Jc. trecs w ith in t he a f-fL'c tL'l1 arL'a , includin g a t wu mile zon e outsid e th l' actua l limi t of in fcs t:ltion, showed that morl' than 23 ,O(l IJ trL'CS wou ld hal'L' to hL' dL' idt wi th , Th e tim l' limit durin g which thl' fruit nll ist he st r ipJl L' d hein g onl y fourteen dilys at th L' ll1ost, prohahl\, 4 {J() or 50() men wo uld he nL'l'ded for the w(l rk and th L' impossi-hi lit\' o f ohtai n in g such a force und er thL' diffiudt laho ur conditi ons c reated hy thL' wa r will readil y he apprec ia tcd . Th ere fore, exterminati on of th e sa w A" can not n(l W he rega rd ed as a poss ihili t)' a llli reco urse must he had to spr:l\'in g: to kCL' p it in control. / 6 EntoJrtologicaL Society of B.C. Control by spraying: Fortllnat e l~ · , on e spray app li ed at th e proper time will lIslially g ive good control of this species . In England a sp i'a y of fr ce nicotin e (98 70 ) at th e streng th of S oz . to 100 gallons, with or wit hollt lime-slilphur , applied within a w ee k after petal-fall, is recommended ( 2, 3, 4 ) . A.s th e obj ec t is to destroy th e eggs, a coa rse drivin g sp ray directed at th e ca lyces sho liid he lIsed. Th e addition of a spread e r IS d es irahl e, hllt not essenti a l. L ea d arse nate wil l not control th e saw fl y hllt m ar he add ed to sprays for th e pllrpose of c()n-trollin g oth er pests. V elhinge r (6) states th a t th e best co ntrol of H. /n/llrii1t {, fI in G e rma ny was obtained hy sp rayi ng with <t stron g solution of qll <tss ia; or with qll ass ia in comhination with a rse ni c, cop-per, and lime, a t peta l-fa ll. Contra ry to English data, he states th a t nicotin e with lime sulphllr a nd lead a rsenate was in-dfec til·e. --------------------------------At Vi cto ria in 19 41 t:xperimcnts with nicotine slilphate in a 10 per cent sum-mer oil spray ga l'c control equal to th a t ohtain ed in E ngland wi th fr ee ( 9S 70) nicotine. Th e nicotin e sulph ate was used a t a streDgth of 1 to 6{)O, and lead a r-senate was add ed a t th e ra te of 2 Ibs. to 40 ga llons. A.s this tri a l was con -dllcted in c ity gardens wh ere no satis-factory check trees cO lild he used owing to th e nllmher of different va ri eti es of a ppl e in th e ga rdl'ns, th e res ult lllust be ta ken onl y as an indication. Infestation was kept d own to 3.9 per cent in th e case ()f on e se ries of trees and to 5 .2 pe r cent In anothe r, whil e unsprayed trees in a nearby ga rd l' n showed as hi g h as SO per cent attack. Th e addition o f lead a rsenate had a good effec t in c lea r-ing th e foliag e of slindry oth er pests such as a ppl e and th o rn skeleton iz er and oth er c ltcrpi I b rs. Literature Cited (1 ) Theobald, F . V. Insect pests of fruit . pp. 122-126. London , 1909. (2) Massee, A. M. The pests of fruit and hops. pp 77-80, London , 1936. ( 3 ) Hey, G. L., Moore, M. H., and Steer, W, Ann, R ep. East Mailing Research Station, England, 1933. (4) Steer, W, and Thomas, F. J. D. Ibid . 1934. ( 5) Pierce, W. D. A manua l of dangerous insects likely to be introduced into the United States through importations. U.S. Dept. Agr " 1918. ( 6 ) Vel binger, H. Contribution to the biology and control of the apple and pear sawflies H. testudinea Klg . and H. brevis Klg. (trans. title .) Gartenbauwis -senschaft 13 (4) :492-566 . 1939. (Abstract). THE ADVANCE OF THE CODLING MOTH IN BRITISH COLUMBIA BEN Hoy District Inspector. British Columbia Department of Agriculture . Kelowna , B.C. Th e codling m oth, CflrpocflpSfl PO/ll-one/La ( L. ), has inc reased to sll ch a n extent durin g th e last fi ft ee n r e;lrs that it has no w hecome th e c hi e f l im itin g f;lctor in appl e production throll g hollt th e apple produc in g areas o f th e southern Interi or of British Columhia . Unti l about 19 15 th e cod li ng moth was prac ti ca ll y unkno w n in th e Inte rior. A lth ollgh In-f estations were reported :t t Vic tori ;l in 1900 and at K a mloops and K as lo in 19 05, th ese in f es tations evidently cOI'C rcd on ly sma ll a rcas. Th l'y were beli e ved to have res ulted from th e importation of worm y pears from California and w orm\' apples from Onta rio. In 19 12 cmll in g moth was reported from Armstron g :tnd Rutland. :\t ;\rm-strong worms had c videntl y been im-ported in n u rsc. ry cases from Oregon, a nd a t Rliti a nd in se ttl e rs' eflects. Prompt r radi Gltion m cas ures w ere carr ied out. Weather conditi ons wcre helpful fo r in th E" sprin g of 19 13 a hea vy frost prac-

The apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea Klug. on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

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The apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea Klug. on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

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Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia