Morganroth Gullette, Margaret

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Margaret  Morganroth Gullette

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ISSUE 1  •  AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES   211Euthanasia as a Caregiving Fantasy in the Era of the New LongevityMargaret Morganroth Gullette Michael Haneke’s Amour received an exceptional degree of  adulation for a film in which a husband smothers his frail, helpless wife. It won the Palme d’Or at Cannes 2012. The American Academy nominated it in five categories, including best actress for Emmanuelle Riva, the murderee, and Best Foreign Language Film (which it won). Although some reviews hinted that Jean-Louis Trintignant’s perfect caregiving as the husband, Georges, would go sour, most avoided critiquing the shocking ending. In fact, without giving it away, they praised it. Calling all the (unspecified) violence in Amour “crucial,” the New York Times’ Dargis described Haneke’s worldview as “liberatingly unsentimental.” A Boston Globe critic praised the film’s “hard, hushed sanctity” (Burr). The husband, Georges, “copes in his own mad, heroic way,” Peter Conrad gushed in the Guardian. That a strange film, seeming to explain how “euthanaisia” can occur,  has been highly acclaimed while remaining almost unexamined ethically is worrying.  Amour might be ignorable if  our society were not implicitly ageist in many ways—a case in point is the American President’s agreement to slash Social Security’s Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) despite the fact that most Americans favor leaving it alone. But the rarity of  the topic and the ethical omission make Amour worth discussing—and teaching—as a literary-visual document whose signature event ramifies into nursing, film and theater, disability and age studies, psychoanalysis, philosophy, law, and social policy, and our hearts and lives. The major implicit conviction of  the plot is that even a loving and patient caregiver will crack under the strain of  caring for a stroke vic-tim. Georges is devoted for so long, and so stoic, even matter-of-fact, 212   AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES  •  ISSUE 1that only two scenes prepare the viewer for his emotional breakdown. One is when he slaps Anne. The other is his dream, foretelling violence. Georges is walking down his hallway filling up with water, when he is attacked from behind by a hand over his nose and mouth. Who would not retaliate to such a brutal home invasion, which is what Anne in her changed state now represents to his subconscious? This scene even fore-shadows his sudden decision to suffocate her, rather than letting her die, as she is apparently doing by refusing food and water. How can viewers object when they have admired him so long?  Anne never repeats her early wish to die, which at the time Georges had movingly refused to abet. There is no crucial conversation later to put her consent beyond a reasonable doubt. (Just to dispel a myth: People who say “I would kill myself  if  that happened to me,” often find after it happens that they feel only a longing to prolong life.) But despite Anne’s lack of  consent, and her struggles as she is suffocating (also clearly shown by the director), viewers may feel they understand Georges and not notice how the film treats Anne.  A French friend of  mine viewed the film empathetically through Anne’s situation, not Georges’s, and wrote to me that the deck was stacked against the stricken woman: “Right away, you are frightened by her circumstances. The husband is very hapless and ignorant, thinking his wife is making fun of  him when she is having a minor stroke. You are scared he will not get her to the emergency room in time. (He doesn’t.) You feel that he will be very fragile, more than her. The daughter also has to be a problem. She is hanging by a thread in her own life.” Others, apparently identifying not with the victim but with Georg-es’s predicament as a caregiver, see Amour as a beautiful tragedy—Othello for the bedridden.1 But moral disasters of  this order can sometimes be prevented. In life we want to learn how to avoid having loving atten-tion turn into exasperation, despair, and homicide. Nursing for most of  us untrained people is unaccustomed and oppressive work. In Amour, Georges seems to be giving us good instructions; viewers may feel grate-ful. But experts—nurses, feminist gerontologists, disability activists—might ISSUE 1  •  AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES   213warn us that Georges is too dedicated, too private. Because of  the risks of  ill health and depression, caregivers are advised to get respite care and provide a social life for themselves and their loved ones. Every stoic choice of  independence makes Georges’s burden, and Anne’s on him, greater. We never see him confiding in a friend. Staying at home alone together—his haughty declaration that Anne refuses to be “shown”—is ill advised. He isolates them, even preventing their daughter from helping.  A daughter better educated about disability might have affectionately persuaded her mother—as long as it was possible—to go out for a walk in a wheelchair, get a gorgeous haircut, visit a friend. People are no less human because they are disabled or see themselves as deformed. Their shame need not be the last word. Other people’s smiles, eye contact, and conversation can convince them they’re still likeable. Even when people can no longer speak or respond, loved ones can sing, tell stories, repeat “I love you.” End-of-life care can be even more difficult than chronic care. Georges doesn’t train the obtuse aide; he self-righteously fires her. Grandiosity is a risk for solitary caregivers: I can do it all, I can stay the course.  Georges had more compassionate alternatives available. Haneke knows that this is murder—-that suffocation means air-hunger, a dreadful death. And if  Georges had kept skilled help, he would have known that Anne was dying already. But Haneke omitted another option. France has a 2005 law that permits assisted dying. (Under President François Hollande, it is planning to expand the circumstances in which doctors can help.) Eutha-nasia, illegal in France as in the United States, is not contemplated.2 A doctor who makes house calls—as their family doctor, Bertier, does—could have provided adequate pain medication. Morphine would have eased her dying. The first novel I know about morphine-assisted dying is, in fact, French (1922-1940): Roger Martin du Gard’s Les Thibeaults. Amour actually ends in a murder-suicide, as Georges lurches, psychically disintegrating after he fires the aides and is left for weeks alone. After dressing Anne’s body, he seals her room, stalks a bird, hallucinates that she speaks to him, puts on his overcoat, and vanishes. Distinct risk fac-tors for murder-suicides include untreated depression and being an older Margaret Morganroth Gullette214   AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES  •  ISSUE 1male caregiver. But older caregivers in the United States (the context with which I’m most familiar) are, in fact, mostly women, not men. Such women—millions of  them—are certainly stressed, since the United States has particular problems with end-of-life care, as with all chronic care. Hos-pice (palliative care at home, which is what most Americans say they want) is inadequately funded. End-of-life-care at home is expensive. Yet however stressful caregiving may be, the outcome is rarely murder-suicide. Its inci-dence (reported in 2009 by Dr. Scott Eliason) remains at under 0.001% in the United States. Still, the research of  Julie Malphurs and Donna Cohen suggests it is rising among male caregivers over fifty-five. The researchers regard the danger as an emerging public health concern. Insofar as the film engages any character’s interior life, the screenwriter seems identified with the male caregiver. Haneke, now seventy, knows that role personally. A ninety-two-year-old aunt who had raised him asked him for help in dying. He couldn’t do it. When she tried suicide, he found her and brought her to the hospital, according to an interview in the Guardian (Conrad). Haneke may be giving voice to the fear on the part of  a self-abnegating caregiver that he will—or must—go mad finally in order to eliminate his charge and end his own ordeal. The hand that smothers Georges in the hallway appears to come out of  his own head—possibly the most psychologically charged image in the movie.  My father died in 1974 of  Lou Gehrig’s disease. Surcease of  his suffering certainly crossed my young mind as I helped my mother and a skilled nurse care for him at home until the end. But we couldn’t have executed it, and my father thankfully never asked us.  Euthanasia is a fantasy, but perhaps not uncommon. The frightening side of  the media’s relentless longevity discourses about the demographic catastrophe of  aging has taught us to anticipate our future duty to care, and to dread it. Individuals may fear they will be unready for giving intimate long-term personal care to someone they love: we want to do it well, or even perfectly, but are shocked by its unremitting demands (Gullette “Flor-ence Nightingale”). Georges’s breakdown might scare potential (or actual) caregivers about the dire consequences to themselves of  being devoted. ISSUE 1  •  AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES   215 For such reasons, it’s worth speculating further as to why this fictional instance of  euthanasia—at least, gendered euthanasia—was almost ignored, and sometimes extravagantly praised, when it opened in 2012-13. If  Emmanuelle Riva had been cast as the caregiver of  Trintignant and had smothered her speechless, bed-ridden husband in a fit of  madness, would this film have been embraced by the industry and reviewers? Amour provides both the punishment of  the fantasy, and the fantasy. The New Yorker’s Richard Brody, one of  Amour’s strongest critics so far, thinks the writer/director has brought viewers into complicity with homicide as mercy-killing through “an overwhelming preponderance of  mitigations.” I agree. Georges’s nightmare—the surrealist close-up of  the hand closing over his face—is harrowing, arguably more than the medium shot of  Anne’s leg pumping as she tries not to die. Many of  us can imagine ourselves better as caregivers than as victims of  “mercy” but some may even believe they would prefer being killed in such straits. For many reasons, we may not be able to weigh rightly the interests of  the potential victims versus that of  the caregivers. The film omits the moral argument against caregivers who turn to euthanasia. It has been plainly stated by a philosophy professor I admire: “The most salient feature of  their state is that they are not at risk [of  death], so they don’t have to act to save themselves.” Because Amour details Georges’s long caring so respectfully and portrays Anne’s decline from the outside so cruelly, it becomes hard to disagree with his masoch-istic choices or even notice his sudden, reckless breakdown. Georges is provided no moral struggle before he acts; his recalling an anecdote about his own mother in childhood seems to suddenly trigger the act.  In such ways, the film seems to justify a nonconsensual termination of  illness—not as a pained caregiver’s rational judgment but as his driven need. By directing Jean-Louis Trintignant as Georges so empathetically and not showing what happens to him after he vanishes, Haneke may also be expressing an unconscious prayer that any such tortured murderer be forgiven—first because of  the compassionate care he previously provided, and finally by the nonbeing he apparently deals himself. Confronted by a Margaret Morganroth Gullette216   AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES  •  ISSUE 1depressed and homicidal perpetrator, a grand jury lacking disabled people might see instead the sad hollow-eyed Trintignant. Merely hearing about the ending of Amour, however, distresses some members of  Not Dead Yet, an international group of  the disabled which seeks equal access to suicide prevention and medical care, and argues that the consequences for murdering one’s disabled spouse or child should be equal to those for killing people who do not have disabilities. It is odd to learn that Haneke won a prize for Amour from Vienna’s Society for Geriatrics and Gerontology (Gerontology Prize). Reception also depends on the context in which an art object is seen. Amour arrives in an America that is already ageist, in which people who are old and sick—especially if  they are also speechless—are often avoided. Many oncologists would act on their belief  that a patient’s age alone justifies refusing life-saving care. Women with cancer, a study in The Oncologist reported, would receive less therapy if  they were seven-ty-four than if  they were sixty-three, although otherwise-healthy patients can obtain the same benefits from a given treatment as younger patients (Foster, et al.). This is an example of  under-treatment. Under-treatment is promoted by the conventional wisdom that we should avoid “end-lessly prolonging the morbid phase of  our lives.” This attitude should be reassessed, “because [m]any seriously ill people find the morbid phase of  their lives well worth prolonging,” in the words of  Felicia Nimue Ackerman, a philosopher at Brown University. A Georgia group from Not Dead Yet explains: “Sometimes conditions mislabeled last stages are far from last, and sometimes conditions mislabeled terminal are merely incurable, like many of  our own conditions” (Smith). The media rarely report on under-treatment, from people terrified they won’t get the care that might help them–“the SOL—shit-out-of-luck—people,” as the daughter of  a Floridian bitterly described the case of  her mother, unable to get cancer treatment. Instead we hear in the media how expensive old people are to treat, how much over-treatment there is, and how patriotic it would be if  more would die cheaply. The word “burden” recurs. Although many Americans abhor the idea of  removing ISSUE 1  •  AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES   217tubes from comatose patients, mercy killing of  the old and sick—espe-cially those with some cognitive impairment—may be moving into a different moral/conceptual space. As I learned when researching my latest book, Agewise: Fighting the New Ageism in America (2011), the image of  “the old Eskimo on the Ice Floe” appeals to many people who don’t object to—or perhaps don’t even notice—the socially-coerced nature of  that mythical form of  killing.  Aside from exorcizing his own imaginative transactions with Georges, Haneke as a screenwriter may have felt that a long film about patient marital nursing needed a touch of  violence—and thus chose to focus on a perversely active man rather than a passively suffering woman—because decline is monotonous. But whatever his motives, to me Amour suggests that we desperately need more serious narratives written from the viewpoint of  patients—old and/or disabled people—like Arthur Kopit’s Wings, the brilliant play (first produced in 1979 with Constance Cummings) about a former aviatrix who has suffered aphasia.  Ours is the fearful era of  the New Longevity, where many people are made to feel, or at least are forced to accept that others feel, that their lives are worth ending. I have suggested why Haneke’s violent euthanasia fantasy—the terrified and terrifying part of  this film—is especially dan-gerous to our cultural health now. Warmth toward Georges’s devotion is symptomatic of  a culture that has failed to prepare adequately for the duty of  care; indifferece to Georges’s crime suggests a culture lacking knowledge or ethical imagination about living with dying.  But Amour can also be interpreted as Haneke may have consciously meant it to be, given his intimate, life-long relationship with his loving aunt. Seen this way, it is a forceful argument to rescue flawed, exhausted, iso-lated, and bewildered caregivers; support long-term care insurance and hospice; stop shaming people who are disabled; legalize assisted dying, but only hedged with careful precautions; and, perhaps most of  all, teach the intrinsic value of  people who are disabled, old, frail, or speechless. So that we can identify more deeply with them, our future selves.Margaret Morganroth Gullette218   AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES  •  ISSUE 1NOTES1  Desmond O’Neill, a geriatrician, left the theater “in sadness that the final events might be construed as noble or beautiful in this context.”2  France is planning to amend a 2005 law to broaden the circumstances in which doc-tors can help with assisted dying. Dr. Didier Sicard, who advised on the new legisla-tion, is radically opposed to inscribing euthanasia into law (Fitzpatrick). WORKS CITEDAckerman, Felicia Nimue. “Death is a Punch in the Jaw: Life-Extension and its   Discontents.” The Oxford Handbook of  Bioethics. Ed. Bonnie Steinbock. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. 324-48. Brody, Richard. “Michael Haneke’s Sterile Amour.” Rev. of  Amour, dir. Michael Haneke.    New Yorker 4 Jan. 2013. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.Burr, Ty. “‘Amour’ bears witness to an awful—and intimate—truth,” Boston Globe 17   Jan. 2013. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.Conrad, Peter. “Michael Haneke: There’s no easy way to say this …” The Guardian 3   Nov. 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.Dargis, Manohla. “Etude on Aging, Its Graces, Its Indignities.” Rev. of Amour, dir.   Michael Haneke. New York Times 18 Dec. 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2013. Eliason, Scott, M.D. “Murder-Suicide: A Review of  the Recent Literature.” Journal of  the   American Academy of  Psychiatry and the Law 37.3 (2009): 371-376. Fitzpatrick, Michael. “French Press Review 19 Dec. 2012.” RFI English, 19    Dec. 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2013. Foster, J. A., et al. “How Does Older Age Influence Oncologists’ Cancer Management?”   The Oncologist 15.6. (2010): 584-92. “Gerontology Prize for Michael Haneke” Austrian Times 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 5 Oct.   2013.Gullette, Margaret Morganroth, Agewise: Fighting the New Ageism in America. Chicago: U   of  Chicago P, 2011. ———. “Florence Nightingale—Dammit—Still Shows the Way.” womense-news.org 28    Mar. 2013. Web. 5 Oct. 2013. Kopit, Arthur. Wings: A Play. New York: Hill and Wang, 1978.Malphurs, Julie, and Donna Cohen. “A Statewide Case-Control Study of  Spousal   Homicide-Suicide in Older Persons.” American Journal of  Geriatric Psychiatry 13.3 (2005): 211-217. Not Dead Yet. http://www.notdeadyet.org/ Web. 5 Oct. 2013.O’Neill, Desmond. “Amour, Ageing, and Missed Opportunities.” BMJ Group Blogs, 23   Nov. 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.Smith, Eleanor. “Q and A: Not Dead Yet of  Georgia.” Message to the author. Apr.   2013. Email.ISSUE 1  •  AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES   219Margaret Morganroth Gullette is the author of the prize-winning Age-wise: Fighting the New Ageism in America, (2011; paperback, 2013; German translation, 2015) and of Aged by Culture (2004). She is a Resident Scholar at the Women’s Studies Research Center at Brandeis University. A shorter version of this essay appeared in The Guardian, 28 February 2013; a longer version will appear in her next book, How Not to Shoot Old People. Readers may write to Margaret Morganroth Gullette at mgullett@brandeis.edu.©2014 Margaret Morganroth Gullette Age, Culture, Humanities 1 (2014) Published by the Athenaeum Press at Coastal Carolina University. All rights reserved.  For permissions, please email athenaeumpress@coastal.edu.

Euthanasia as a Caregiving Fantasy in the Era of the New Longevity

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Euthanasia as a Caregiving Fantasy in the Era of the New Longevity

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