Looser, Devoney

English

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ISSUE 1  •  AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES   25Age and Aging Studies, from Cradle to GraveDevoney Looser A famous section of  Virginia Woolf ’s feminist treatise, A Room of  One’s Own (1929), includes an impossible admonition. Woolf  writes, “Jane Austen should have laid a wreath upon the grave of  Fanny Bur-ney” (113). Like Austen, Woolf  suggests, we must honor our pioneering female-author predecessors. Noble as that goal was, Woolf ’s imaginary charge to Austen (1775–1817) could never have been carried out. Born some twenty years before Austen, Frances Burney (1752–1840) also outlived her by two decades. Woolf  did not recognize this; subsequent generations of  feminist literary critics missed it, too. In imagining Austen and Burney together, we overlooked the fact that Burney lived to, wrote to, and published into, old age. Woolf ’s unnoticed error indicates how few of  us have conceived of  Burney as both before and after Austen. It demonstrates that we have neglected to see authors, particularly female authors of  past centuries, as active across the life course. It shows the erasure of  old age in women’s literary history, a subject I wrote about in Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850, which I began with this anecdote about Woolf. There remains much more work to be done. We are at a surprisingly nascent stage of  documenting how what we now call sexism and ageism operated in the past, an ideological coupling that Susan Sontag dubbed the “double standard of  aging.” It is imperative that we undo the work of  previous generations of  literary historians who slotted authors into the eras of  their most enduring creative works. For women writers, that has often meant those texts published in youth or middle age. Eigh-teenth- and nineteenth-century British women’s late-life writings, when noticed at all, tended to be disparaged or measured for a falling off  of  powers. (The same patterns do not seem to have applied to male authors, although we need more documentation of  those, too.) To come to terms 26   AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES  •  ISSUE 1with patterns of  age and gender in tandem is crucial to understanding the past, not only for its own sake, but also as it has led to problems, chal-lenges, and conditions of  the present. We can no longer afford to write biographies of  Burney with brief  chapters on more than three decades of  her late life using dismissive, mischaracterizing titles such as “Keeping Life Alive” (Harman). Where attending to old age is concerned, whether for individual authors or for wide-ranging literary and cultural histories, our habits and practices must shift. What we see as worthy of  scrutiny and interpretation must change. “We,” of  course, does not mean only or even primarily age studies practitioners, but rather humanities scholars generally. One danger I see before us is failing to communicate to our col-leagues that “age studies” is much more than an updated term for literary gerontology, that it must not be the work of  a select few. It remains difficult to convey that not only the “old” have “age.” I am sympathetic to those age studies scholars who believe that, for social justice reasons, our scholarship should center on the old as the most marginalized age cohort. I sympathize, but I do not agree. In order to produce better scholarship, we need to come to terms with what age and aging mean and have meant, and that implies “from cradle to grave,” as the life course has long been colloquially described. We must learn more about how life in past centuries was carved into dis-tinct periods, each with its own changing nomenclature and supposed characteristics, rewards, and challenges. For example, the eighteenth century’s “middle period” appears to have shifted to become the nine-teenth century’s “mid-life.” As Kay Heath argues (in a book I review in this issue), nineteenth-century “mid-life” may have carried with it new associations with decline. In studying the cultural meanings of  what we now call middle age, we will likely arrive at new insights about and knowledge of  old age, and vice versa. We must continue to seek out the ways that the meanings and practices of  age and aging changed from decade to decade, generation to generation, or century to century. We must do so in conversation with the other categories of  identity that have become central to our work in the humanities, ISSUE 1  •  AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES   27particularly in cultural studies: gender, race, class, nation, and sexuality among them. Age belongs on that list. Age must be added to that list.  I realize I am preaching to the choir of  those reading this first volume of  Age, Culture, Humanities. We know all too well that, even with several decades of  important work behind us, few humanities scholars presently attend to age qua age. With the exception of  a growing body of  work on the child writer and children’s literature; on women’s aging in the litera-ture and culture of  the twentieth century; and on old age in the classical past, there remains an overall dearth of  scholarship using age studies concepts and methodologies. In many literary historical periods and national literatures, just one or two titles have appeared to date, usually devoted to old age. The English language demonstrates one obstacle. We have a word to describe writings authored in childhood, loosely defined: juvenilia. Beyond that, if  we bother to mark texts by an author’s age at composition or publication, we call them simply “mature writings.” This label might refer to anything written after one’s mid-twenties.  I am not suggesting that we need new terms to describe the qualities of  so-called mature writings. I share the skepticism of  “late style” expressed by Linda and Michael Hutcheon. They see the concept (as used in the work of  Theodor Adorno and Edward Said) as problematic and univer-salizing in its singularity. Employing age as a useful category of  historical analysis—to repurpose Joan Scott’s terms—will not, I think, result in our locating features that inhere in writing based on age or stage of  the life course (Looser, “Oblivion”). I am more confident, however, that we will locate many new patterns of  authorial self-fashioning, imagined readerships, and critical reception based on age. Such insights promise to change not just the work of  age studies practitioners, gerontologists, or children’s literature specialists but to inform the ways that all of  us go about humanities work.  I would like to end with a final thought on the question of  what we call our emerging field, namely “age” versus “aging” studies. Although I prefer Margaret Morganroth Gullette’s “age studies” for its linguistic parallelism to other identity studies terminology, there is certainly Devoney Looser28   AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES  •  ISSUE 1something to be said for deploying “aging studies” as well. That phrase highlights aging as a process—as a set of  changing and ongoing cul-tural and individual practices and experiences. “Age” seems a static term, whereas “aging” presents itself  as a dynamic one. One wonders how gender studies would have evolved as a field if  we had come to call it “gendering studies.” Individuals are aging and gendering—being aged and gendered—from their first moments forward. Age is the more unusual facet of  identity, perhaps, in its involving obvious, noticeable, and measurable change over time. It is nevertheless important to get across forcefully that no subcategory of  age is static. Age’s measurability does not carry with it universality of  meaning. Indeed, the supposed vis-ibility of  aging as a process can make revealing its historical and cultural variability all the more challenging. This is nowhere more evident than when “aging” is employed as a synonym for “old.” Whenever aging is imagined as a problem belonging to late life—as if  “aging” starts some-where in late middle age and ends at death—we ought to be uneasy about whether it serves to limit the parameters and potential of  future scholarship. I am hopeful that, as more scholars come of  age in an age/aging studies-rich environment, there will be fewer errors like Woolf ’s, as more of  us seek opportunities for crucial discoveries and new insights.WORKS CITEDGullette, Margaret Morganroth. “Age (Aging).” Encyclopedia of  Feminist Literary Theory.   Ed. Beth Kowaleski-Wallace. New York: Garland, 1997. 9-11.Harman, Claire. Fanny Burney: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 2001.Heath, Kay. Aging by the Book: The Emergence of  Midlife in Victorian Britain. Albany: State   U of  New York P, 2009.Hutcheon, Linda, and Michael Hutcheon. “Late Style(s): The Ageism of  the Singular.”   Occasion: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities 4 (2012). Web. 2 Sept. 2013Looser, Devoney. Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850. Baltimore:   Johns Hopkins UP, 2008.———. “Old Age and the End of  Oblivion.” Journal of  Victorian Culture 16.1 (Apr.   2011): 132–37. Scott, Joan W. “Gender: A Useful Category of  Historical Analysis.” The American  Historical Review. 91.5 (1986): 1053-1075.Sontag, Susan. “The Double Standard of  Aging.” Saturday Review 55 (23 Sept. 1972):   29-38. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of  One’s Own. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929.ISSUE 1  •  AGE CULTURE HUMANITIES   29Devoney Looser, Professor of English at Arizona State University, is the author of two books, Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850 and British Women Writers and the Writing of History, 1670–1820, and the co-ed-itor of Generations: Academic Feminists in Dialogue. Her essay on Frances Burney in old age recently appeared in Eighteenth-Century Life. Readers may write to Devoney Looser at devoney.looser@asu.edu.©2014 Devoney Looser Age, Culture, Humanities 1 (2014) Published by the Athenaeum Press at Coastal Carolina University. All rights reserved.  For permissions, please email athenaeumpress@coastal.edu.Devoney Looser

Age and Aging Studies: from Cradle to Grave

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Age and Aging Studies: from Cradle to Grave

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