Although the AES is an excellent and preferred choice for almost all block cipher applications, it is not suitable for extremely constrained environments such as RFID (Radio-Frequency IDentification) tags and sensor networks. Therefore lightweight cryptography has become very vital and a strong demand in designing secure lightweight cryptographic modules is required. This paper meant to be a reference (for the cryptographic designers) on the lightweight block ciphers. It starts by doing a survey to collect the latest proposed ciphers, then to study them in terms of their algorithms specifications, hardware implementation and attacks. Finally, after the explanation and comparison, this research can be the basement for starting point to improve the lightweight block cipher in many directions like number of clock cycle, size of memory, number of Chosen Plaintext, GE, throughput and attacks. Also, this paper is under our investigatio

Salim, Sufya

Taha, Imad

English

The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository

Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research Vol.2 No.4, November 2012, 159-165                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Lightweight Block Ciphers: a Comparative Study Sufyan Salim Mahmood AlDabbagh 1,a, Imad Al Shaikhli 2,b 1Department of information systems, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Malaysia 2Department of Computer, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Malaysia a sufyansalim_77@yahoo.com, b imadf@iium.edu.my  Article Info  Received: 7th July 2012 Accepted: 3rd September  2012 Published online: 15th November 2012      ISSN: 2231-8275 © 2012 Design for Scientific Renaissance All rights reserved ABSTRACT Although the AES is an excellent and preferred choice for almost all block cipher applications, it is not suitable for extremely constrained environments such as RFID (Radio-Frequency IDentification) tags and sensor networks. Therefore lightweight cryptography has become very vital and a strong demand. This paper meant to be a reference (for the cryptographic designers) on the  lightweight block ciphers. It starts by doing a survey to collect the latest proposed ciphers, then to study them  in terms of their algorithms specifications, hardware implementation and attacks. Finally, after the explanation and comparison, this research can be the basement for starting point to improve the lightweight block cipher in many directions like number of clock cycle, size of memory, number of Chosen Plaintext, Gate equivalence ( GE), throughput and attacks.  Keyword: Lightweight block ciphers, RFID,   RFID tag and AES  1. Introduction The pervasive computing like smart cards, RFID tags and sensor nodes that are used for public transport, smart electricity meters and anti-counterfeiting is become the main point for wireless communication and embedded systems. So,  the choice of security algorithms of resource-limited devices should be very careful by consideration of the implementation costs, amount of power and  Symmetric-key algorithms especially block ciphers still play an important role for the security of the embedded systems. For security and performance concerns, typically sensors are equipped with hardware implementation of AES-128. But for resource-constrained devices, AES could be too expensive despite the various approaches that have been proposed to reduce the costs of AES hardware and software implementations. So a compact hardware and software efficient block cipher could be the most promising candidate for security in such those devices. Therefore we introduce new branch of cryptography called lightweight cryptography. The main idea of lightweight cryptography is finding a compromise between low resource requirements, performance and strength of cryptographic primitives.  In this paper, we present a selection of recently published Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research Vol.2 No.4, November 2012, 159-165   160  lightweight-cryptography implementations and compare them to state-of-the-art results in their field(Knudsen, et al., 2011)(Yue-chao, et. al., 2010)( Paar, et.al., 2010). 2. Lightweight algorithms This research will explore four published work on lightweight algorithms through discussion work on algorithms, hardware requirements and attacks as the following:   2.1hight  It was proposed by Hong et al. in 2006. It is lightweight block cipher which has high security and light weight with 64-bit block length and 128-bit key length which is suitable for low-cost, low-power, and ultra-light implementation. HIGHT has a 32-round iterative structure which is a variant of generalized Feistel network. The prominent feature of HIGHT is that it consists of simple operations such as XOR, addition mod 28 and left bitwise rotation as shown in Figure 1. So, it is hardware-oriented rather than software-oriented. HIGHT can be implemented with 3048 gates on 0.25µm (Hong, et al., 2006)( Anjali Arora, et al., 2012).  Fig 1.  HIGHT encryption 2.2 Present  It was designed by Bogdanov et al. in 2007. It is an example of an SP-network and consists of 31 rounds. The block length is 64 bits and two key lengths of 80 and 128 bits are supported. Each of 31 rounds consists of XOR operation to introduce a round key Ki for 1≤ i <32, where K32 is used for post-whitening, a linear bitwise permutation and a non-linear substitution layer. The non-linear layer uses a single 4-bit S-box which is applied 16 times in parallel in each round as shown in Figure2 (Bogdanov, et al., 2007) ( Anjali Arora, et al., 2012). Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research Vol.2 No.4, November 2012, 159-165              161   2.3 mCrypton  It was designed in 2005 by Lim and Korkishko. It has a block size of 64-bit and offers three different key sizes: 64 bits, 96 bits and 128 bits. Each of the 12 rounds consists of a substitution layer, a column-wise permutation layer, a column-to-row transposition layer and a key addition layer (Lim, et al., 2006). 2.4 Clefia  It was developed jointly by Sony, the University of Nagoya and Shirai et al. in 2007. It is Similar to the AES it has a block length of 128 Bits and offers three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits. CLEFIA uses a 4-branch and an 8-branch Type-2 generalized Feistel network and depending on the key length it takes 18 (128 bits), 22 (192 bits), or 26 (256 bits) rounds to encrypt one block of data. (Shirai, et al., 2007)   Fig. 2. Top level of PRESENT  3. Comparison between lightweight blocks cipher First of all, the comparison among the above explained algorithms will be based on the algorithm specifications (key size, block size and round), hardware implementation (clock cycles, throughput and area GE gate equivalent) and cryptanalysis (attack type, round number, data and memory). 3.1 Algorithm specifications For key size, the CLEFIA and HIGHT have fixed key size 128-bit while the PRESENT has two keys 80,128 bit. Also, mCrypton has three keys 64, 96 and 128 bit. About the block size, the PRESENT, HEIGHT and mCrypton have fixed block size 64-bit while CLEFIA has three block sizes 128, 192 and 256. For round number, the CLEFIA has three numbers of Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research Vol.2 No.4, November 2012, 159-165   162  rounds 18, 22 and 26. The PRESENT has 31 rounds while HIGHT has 32 rounds and mCrypton has 12 rounds   as shown in table 1.    Table 1: Algorithm specifications for lightweight block ciphers Block cipher Key size (bit) Block size (bit) Round No. CLEFIA 128-bit 128,192,256 18,22,26 PRESENT 80,128 64-bit 31 HIGHT 128-bit 64-bit 32 mCrypton 64,96,128 64-bit 12  3.2 Hardware implementation The comparison results between lightweight block ciphers will show depend on: clock cycles, throughput and area GE. For clock cycle, the CLEFIA128, 192, 256 have 18, 22 and 26 clock cycle respectively (Shirai, et al., 2007). The mCrypton64, 96, 128 have the same clock cycle (Lim, et al., 2006) while the PRESENT80, 128 have the same clock cycle (Bogdanov, et al., 2007) (Axel,2009) and the HIGHT has 34 clocks cycle (Özen, et al., 2009).  About the throughput, the block ciphers that they have different clocks cycle they have different throughput while the block ciphers that they have same clocks cycle they have same throughput. For area GE, every block cipher has different GE as shown in table 2. Table 2: Hardware implementation for lightweight block ciphers Block cipher Clock cycles Area GE Throughput Kbps CLEFIA128 18 5,979 711.11 CLEFIA192 22 8,536 581.8 CLEFIA256 26 8,482 492.3 HIGHT 34 2,608 188.2 mCrypton64 13 3,473 492.3 mCrypton96 13 3,789 492.3 mCrypton128 13 4,108 492.3 PRESENT80 32 1,570 200 PRESENT128 32 1,884 200  3.3 Cryptanalysis There are many attacks against lightweight block ciphers, such as: Impossible Differential and related- Key Rectangle. For Impossible Differential attack, it needs 2101.7 CP (chosen plaintext), 2103.5CP, 2111CP, 2111.8CP, 2112.3CP and 232, 2121, 281, 2112, 2113 blocks of memory respectively(Shirai, et al., 2007)  (Tsujihara,et al.,2008) to attacks from 10 to 14 rounds CLEFIA  (Tsujihara,et al.,2008) while this attack needs 246.4CP and 260CP and not specified Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research Vol.2 No.4, November 2012, 159-165              163  memory to attacks 18 and 22 rounds of HIGHT respectively(Hong, et al.,2006) (Lu,2007). Also, this attack needs 261CP and 2109 byte to attacks 26 rounds of HIGHT as shown in the table3 (Özen, et al., 2009).  The result of Related Key Rectangle attack against PRESENT, mCrypton and HIGHT is shown in table 4. It attacks 17 rounds of PRESENT128, 26 rounds of HIGHT and 8 rounds of mCrypton128. It needs 263CP in PRESENT128, 251.2 CP in HIGHT and 246CP in mCrypton128. About the memory, it needs 253 byte in PRESENT128, 5*248 byte in mCrypton128 and not specified in HIGHT (Özen, et al., 2009) (Lu,2007) (Park,2009).  Table 3: Result of Impossible Differential attack Block cipher Round No. Data Memory CLEFIA128,192,256 10 2101.7CP 232blocks CLEFIA192,256 11 2103.5CP 2121blocks CLEFIA128,192,256 12 2111CP 281blocks CLEFIA192,256 13 2111.8CP 2112blocks CLEFIA256 14 2112.3CP 2113blocks HIGHT 18 246.8CP Not specified HIGHT 25 260CP Not specified HIGHT 26 261CP 2109 byte   Table 4: Result of Related Key Rectangle   Block cipher Round No. Data  Memory  PRESENT128 17 263CP 253 byte HIGHT 26 251.2 CP Not specified mCrypton128 8 246CP 5*248 byte  4. Discussion   From the results shown in the previous section we want to highlights some points. Firstly the hardware implementation, the mCrypton has the lowest clock cycle 13 while the GE and throughput are in the middle. The PRESENT80 has the lowest GE 1570 but the clock cycle is high and the throughput is approximately low. Third, CLEFIA128 has the highest throughput 711.11 but the GE is approximately is high and the clock cycle is approximately low. Secondly the attacks, for Impossible Differential attack, the lowest memory blocks and CP in CLEFIA128, 192, 256 are 232 and 2101.7 respectively and the number of rounds that attack is 10 Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research Vol.2 No.4, November 2012, 159-165   164  rounds only. To attack more rounds the value of CP and memory blocks will change. So, to attack 14 rounds of CLEFIA256 it needs 2111.3 CP and 2113 blocks memory. In the HIGHT the lowest CP is 246.8CP and memory is not specified to attack 18 rounds of HIGHT while it needs 261CP and 2109 memory to attack 26 rounds of HIGHT. As a result, the Impossible Differential attacks 26 rounds out of 32 rounds of HIGHT but in CLEFIA it attacks 14 rounds out of 26 rounds. So this attack is well done in HIGHT rather than CLEFIA. For Related- Key Rectangle attack, it attacks only 17 out of 31 rounds of PRESENT128 and it needs 263CP with 253 byte memory. So this number of attacked rounds is low when it compare with HIGHT and mCrypton. In HIGHT the number of attacked rounds is 26 out of 32 and it needs 246CP with not specified memory. While in the mCrypton the number of attacked rounds is 8 out of 12 and it needs 246CP with 5*248 byte. As a result, this attack is bettter done in mCrypton rather than PRESENT and HIGHT. 5. Conclusion The comparative study is done among lightweight block ciphers based on three criteria: algorithm specifications, hardware implementation and attacks. This paper shows that the mCrypton has the least clock cycle 13 while the PRESENT80 has the least area GE (1570) and the CLEFIA128 has the largest throughput (711.11). This paper shows that Impossible Differential attack was done successfully on HIGHT better than CLEFIA, while Related Key Rectangle was better when applied on mCrypton than on HIGHT and PRESENT. Finally, after the explanation and comparison, this research can be the starting point to improve the lightweight block cipher in many directions like number of clock cycle, size of memory, number of Chosen Plaintext, GE, throughput and attacks, which is our under going research.   Reference Anjali Arora, P., & Pal, S. K. (2012). A Survey of Cryptanalytic Attacks on Lightweight Block Ciphers. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology & Security (IJCSITS), Vol. 2, pp.472-481. Axel Poschmann. (2009 ).Lightweight Cryptography - Cryptographic Engineering for a Pervasive World. Number 8 in IT Security, Europaischer niversi atsverlag.  Published: Ph.D. Thesis, Ruhr University Bochum. Bogdanov, A., Knudsen, L., Leander, G., Paar, C., Poschmann, A., Robshaw, M., Seurin, Y., & Vikkelsoe, C. (2007). PRESENT: An Ultra-Lightweight Block Cipher Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems - CHES 2007. In P. Paillier & I. Verbauwhede (Eds.), (Vol. 4727, pp. 450-466): Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Hong, D., Sung, J., Hong, S., Lim, J., Lee, S., Koo, B.-S., Lee, C., Chang, D., Lee, J., Jeong, K., Kim, H., Kim, J., & Chee, S. (2006). HIGHT: A New Block Cipher Suitable for Low-Resource Device Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems - CHES 2006. In L. Goubin & M. Matsui (Eds.), (Vol. 4249, pp. 46-59): Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Knudsen, L. R., & Robshaw, M. J. B. (2011). The Block Cipher Companion: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology Research Vol.2 No.4, November 2012, 159-165              165  Lim, C., & Korkishko, T. (2006). mCrypton – A Lightweight Block Cipher for Security of Low-Cost RFID Tags and Sensors Information Security Applications. In J.-S. Song, T. Kwon & M. Yung (Eds.), (Vol. 3786, pp. 243-258): Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Lu, J. (2007). Cryptanalysis of Reduced Versions of the HIGHT Block Cipher from CHES 2006. Information Security and Cryptology - ICISC 2007. In K.-H. Nam & G. Rhee (Eds.), (Vol. 4817, pp. 11-26): Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Ozen, O., Varıcı, K., Tezcan, C., & Kocair, Ç. (2009). Lightweight Block Ciphers Revisited: Cryptanalysis of Reduced Round PRESENT and HIGHT Information Security and Privacy. In C. Boyd & J. González Nieto (Eds.), (Vol. 5594, pp. 90-107): Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Park,  J. H. (2009) .Security analysis of mcrypton proper to low-cost ubiquitous computing devices and applications. International Journal of Communication Systems, pp.959- 969. Paar, C., & Pelzl, J. (2010). The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Understanding Cryptography (pp. 87-121): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Shirai, T., Shibutani, K., Akishita, T., Moriai, S., & Iwata, T. (2007). The 128-Bit Blockcipher CLEFIA Fast Software Encryption. In A. Biryukov (Ed.), (Vol. 4593, pp. 181-195): Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Tsujihara, E.,  Shigeri, M., Suzaki, T.,  Kawabata, T. and Tsunoo, Y.( 2008).New Impossible Differential of CLEFIA. InIEICE Technical Report - ISEC2008-3. Yue-chao, H., & Yi-ming, W. (2010, 17-19 June 2010). Secure RFID system based on lightweight block cipher algorithm of optimized S-box. Paper presented at the RFID-Technology and Applications (RFID-TA), 2010 IEEE International Conference on.   

Lightweight block ciphers: A comparative study

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Lightweight block ciphers: A comparative study

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