The primary soil tillage's are the most energetic consumer. Therefore, depending to agro technical conditions, it is necessary to use adequate working tools in order to reduce energetic consumptions. For primary soil tillage, we used different tools: moldboard plough, chisel plough, paraplaw and heavy harrow disk. For those tools, we determined the main working indicators and compared them which other to establish the best working tool in order to reduce energetic consumptions by keeping agro technical requirements

DROCAȘ, Ioan

MOLNAR, Adrian

NAGY, Mihaela

RANTA, Ovidiu

STÄ‚NILÄ‚, Sorin

English

Publicatii USAMV Cluj-Napoca (University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine / Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară din Cluj-Napoca)

114  Bulletin UASVM Agriculture 69(1)/2012 Print ISSN 1843-5246; Electronic ISSN 1843-5386  Studies Regarding Comparative Analysis of Main Working Indicators at Primary Soil Tillage's  Sorin STĂNILĂ1)., Ioan DROCAŞ1), Ovidiu RANTA1), Adrian MOLNAR1),  Mihaela NAGY2)  1) University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, 3-5 Mãnãştur street, 3400, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, e-mail: s_stanila@yahoo.com 2) INMA Bucuresti, Cluj Napoca  Abstract The primary soil tillage's are the most energetic consumer. Therefore, depending to agro technical conditions, it is necessary to use adequate working tools in order to reduce energetic consumptions. For primary soil tillage, we used different tools: moldboard plough, chisel plough, paraplaw and heavy harrow disk. For those tools, we determined the main working indicators and compared them which other to establish the best working tool in order to reduce energetic consumptions by keeping agro technical requirements.   Keywords: soil tillage, working indicators, energetic consumption  INTRODUCTION   The main objective of this paper is to establish the constructive type and  working mode of different tools for primary soil tillage, depending to agro technical conditions in order to reduce energetic consumptions. The particularities of soil tillage are determinate by minimum three factors: eco-climatic  characteristics of the area,  agro technical requirements for soil tillage and  necessary of equipments (Ulrich et al. 2006; FAO, 2008).  In hilly area, the relief and the soils from slopes have negative influences on soil tillage mechanization. Those natural factors, determinated by relief, climate and soil, have influences on working indicators and increase the energetic consumptions on unit area (Şandru, 1982; Stănilă, 1995).  MATERIALS AND METHODS  The experimental researches were done with equipments and machines from INMA Bucuresti - branch Cluj Napoca, on hilly fields (max. 18-200) with heavy and medium soils. Those fields belong to different farms in Dezmir, Apahida and Cojocna. For primary soil tillage, we used different tools: moldboard plough, chisel plough, paraplaw and heavy harrow disk. In Table 1 (Stănilă, 1996) are presented the main characteristics and how this passive tools interact with soil.   For all equipments used at the experimental researches, it was determinated: 1. Qualitative indicators:  average working depth (am);  average working width,(Bm);  soil loosening degree (Gas); 2. Energetic and working indicators:  average working speed (vl);  slipping of the driving wheels (m);  fuel consumption per hectare (Cha); 115  Tab. 1 The main characteristics and of working tools (Stănilă, 1996) Type of tool Interaction between toll and soil Main tool characteristics Simple moldboard plough  - ploughing with reverse furrow downhill and uphill; - working depth: a=20-30 cm; - working width: B=25-35 cm; - slope angle : max =90 (when working on contour line direction) Double moldboard plough  - ploughing with reverse furrow downhill; - plough body: double reversible; - working depth: a=20-30 cm; - working width: B=25-35 cm; - slope angle : max=200 (when working on contour line direction). Paraplaw  - execute soil loosening, without reversing furrow; - working depth: a=30-35 cm; - working width: B=25-35 cm; - slope angle : max=200 (when working on contour line direction) Chisel plough  - execute soil loosening, without reversing furrow; - with elastic or rigid frame; - working depth: a=20-35 cm; - working width: B=8-16 cm; - slope angle : max=200 (when working on contour line direction) Heavy Disk Harrow  - execute soil loosening with partial furrow reversing; - disk specific pressure:100-129 daN; - working depth: a=18 cm; - working width: B=15-20 cm; - slope angle : max=16-180 (when working on contour line direction)  116   hourly fuel consumption (Ch);  power engine using degree;  working capacity (Ws);  All qualitative, energetic and working indicators have been determinated based on national and European standardization (SR- ISO, STAS, ISO).  RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS   For the experimental researches it has been used different type of moldboard ploughs: PS-2.0, PP-20.0 and PRM-3(2)-25 in combination with different tractors.  The PS-2.0 plough with U-445DT tractor perform a good soil tillage on slope with maxim 90 and the PP-20.0 plough which have 20 cm working width/plough body work in good condition at max. 20 cm deep.   Tab. 2 The main qualitative and working indicators for simple and double moldboard plough  Working conditions and indicators UM The tractor and the machines U-650+ PP-4(3)-30 U-445DT+ PS-2.0 U-445 + PRM-3(2)-25* U-650 + PRM-3(2)-25 ** Soil category  heavy heavy medium heavy Ploughing specific resistance N/cm2 9,8 8,0 5,0 7,5 Mulch on soil kg/m2 0,4-0,6 0,2-0,5 0,15-0,20 0,15-0,35 Soil humidity: 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm % % % 17,1-18,6 18,4-20,7 20,9-22,0 17,2 18,5 21,4 10 16 20 19 21 22 Slope angle grad 0-6 6-9 0-6 6-9 6-90 9-120 9-120 12-140 Working depth, am cm 24 24,52 24,55 24,20 19,8 19,7 25,5 24,8 Working width, Lm cm 92,10 90,52 51,00 49,50 51,0 48,2 71,0 65,3 Working speed, vl m/s 1,38 1,31 1,33 1,25 1,25 1,14 1,52 1,47 Hourly fuel consumption kg/h 12,24 11,95 6,30 6,65 5,54 5,62 9,35 9,77 Wheels slipping % 10,34 12,00 10,82 12,40 15 16 8 10 Power engine using degree % 76,87 75,00 78,00 80,10 74,3 76,8 79,4 82,3 Working capacity ha/ sch 3,82 3,30 1,62 1,54 1,53 1,36 2,72 2,32 Fuel consumption on hectare  l/ha 26,93 30,04 24,31 27,80 23,6 26,8 26,8 30,0 *  - PRM-3(2)-25 plough with two plough bodies; ** - PRM-3(2)-25 plough with three plough bodies;   The paraplaws are used for soil size reduction and for loosening soil without reversing furrow.  The plough body without moldboard are used for primary soil tillage on soils with wind and water erosion. The tools of paraplaws made in our country can be mounted on regular plough frames. For experimental researches, the paraplaw was used with three and with four bodies in combination with two type of tractors (U-650 and U-1010DT). The results obtained for primary soil tillage using paraplaw are presented in table 3.   117   Tab. 3  The main qualitative and working indicators for paraplaw  Working conditions and indicators UM The tractor and the machines  U-650+ PP-3-30* U-650+ P-2V U-1010DT +PP-4-30** Soil category  heavy heavy heavy Ploughing specific resistance N/cm2 7,2 7,9 7,2 Soil humidity: 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm % % % 15,4 16,9 17,2 18,1 19,2 24,5 15,4 16,9 17,2 Slope angle grd 6-90 6-90 6-90 Deflector position grd 15 30 45 15 30 45 35 Working depth, am cm 25,9 25,8 25,7 26,1 24,8 25,4 30,8 Working width, Lm cm 91,8 91,2 92,1 77 74,2 74 122,5 Working speed, vl m/s 2,05 2.03 1,95 1,71 1,60 2,16 1,83 Hourly fuel consumption kg/h 8,86 9,15 9,39 9,41 9,00 9,01 12,84 Wheels slipping % 14,1 16,0 18,1 14,9 16,8 17,9 11,8 Power engine using degree % 73,8 76,9 89,2 76,9 84,6 89,2 84,0 Working capacity ha/sch 5,45 5,33 5,20 3,81 3,42 3,41 5,80 Fuel consumption on hectare  l/ha 15,3 16,1 17,0 17,4 18,1 19,4 20,8 *  - PRM-3(2)-25 Paraplaw with three bodies; ** - PRM-3(2)-25 Paraplaw with four bodies;     The working tools of chisel plough for soil loosening can be mounted with elastic or rigid support on mane frame. The active tools, like chisel or harrows are mounted on these tools.  The working tools mounted with elastic support ensure a better protection when it goes over an obstruction in the soil. These tools consume less energy, but in heavy soils, can't maintain a constant working depth. The  working tools mounted with rigid support can be used in heavy soils at bigger working depth (30-35 cm). In Table 4 there are presented the working indicators of chisel plough with different type of tractors.  A disk can be used for primary soil tillage. For heavy disk harrow, two types of blades are available: spherical blades and conical blades. Conical blades cut and invert soil rather then mix it, making them unsuitable for incorporation. Spherical blades cut, invert and mix the soil and the surface materials, leaving more residue on the surface. Soma disk harrow have notched blades for better penetration, but these are more expensive. The results obtained for primary soil tillage using heavy disk harrow GDG-2.7M with SM-851 tractor are presented in table 5.        118  Tab. 4 The main qualitative and working indicators for chisel plough  Working conditions and indicators UM The tractor and the machines: U-651M+ PC-7/9G U1010DT+ PC-11/13 SM-445 +  supreflow SM-800+ PC-5/7 Soil category  medium heavy heavy heavy Ploughing specific resistance N/cm2 6,0 7,0 7,5 8,5 Soil humidity  in 0-30 cm layer  %  15,60  16,70  19,21  21,6 Type of loosing tools - chisel on rigid support  chisel on rigid support chisel on elastic support chisel on rigid support Slope angle grd 0-60 6-90 9-120 18-200 9-120 18-200 Working depth, am cm 24,7 24,9 28,4 24,5 29,6 28,5 Working width, Lm cm 210 315 164 152 276 282 Working speed, vl m/s 1,41 1,23 0,78 0,75 4,01 1,06 Hourly fuel consumption kg/h 12,70 16,80 5,27 5,11 13,4 14,5 Wheels slipping % 14,5 11,2 6,2 4,5 6,4 7,1 Power engine using degree % 84,5 88,4 85,4 82,7 79,8 82,4 Working capacity ha/ sch 8,08 10,64 2,81 2,72 8,40 7,92 Fuel consumption on hectare  l/ha  11,2 11,8 14,4 12,8 16,7 18,2    Table 5 The main qualitative and working indicators for heavy disk harrow  Working conditions and indicators UM The tractor and the machine: SM-851+GDG-2,7M Harroving stubble Harroving corn stubble Soil category  heavy heavy Ploughing specific resistance N/cm2 6-8,1 6-8,1 Mulch on soil kg/ m2 0,240 0,480 Soil humidity: 0-5 cm 5-10 cm 10-20 cm % % % 8,3 10,6 16,2 9,1 12,7 18,4 Slope angle: grad 9-120 16-180 9-120 16-180 Disk attack angle grad 24 30 24 30 Working depth, am cm 16,5 18,4 16,2 18,1 Working width, Lm cm 267,5 268,5 267,4 260,6 Working speed, vl m/s 1,22 1,18 1,19 1,17 Hourly fuel consumption kg/h 12,8 14,6 12,9 14,5 Wheels slipping % 7,1 9,9 5,9 9,6 Power engine using degree % 77,8 83,4 80,1 85,2 Working capacity ha/sch 8,64 8,28 8,51 8,17 Fuel consumption on hectare  l/ha 14,1 15,2 14,0 14,9      119  CONCLUSION   The experimental researches made on lands from hilly area, with heavy clay soils, have demonstrated that simple moldboard ploughs ensure a good tillage quality on slopes with max. 9. The fuel consumption on hectare at 24,2 -24,5 cm working depth  was 24,3 l/ha on slope with 0-6 and 27,8 - 30,0 l/ha on slope with 6-9.  Using reversible moldboard ploughs demonstrate that with increasing of slope (angle), the furrow reversing process is better and the effort for reversing is lower, but the tractor stability is decreasing. In those conditions, mechanical work for furrow reversing is lower, so fuel consumptions are lower, about 26,8l/ha on slope with 9-12 and 24,7-29,4 l/ha on slope with 18-20.  At primary soil tillage, for reduction of soil erosion it is important to use tools without furrow reversing, like paraplaw, chisel plough or heavy disk harrow, alternating with moldboard ploughs. When  those tools are used, the fuel consumption on hectare, working at 24,5-25,8 cm depth, is about 12,8-16,1 l/ha, representing 40% lower consumption comparative with moldboard ploughs.  REFERENCES  1. FAO 2008, Conventional Tillage severely erodes the soil – New soil conservation required, Press Release 68/08, Rome; 2. Stãnilã, S. (1996). Cercetări teoretice şi experimentale privind mecanizarea lucrărilor solului cu minim de lucrări. Referat doctorat nr. 2, Universitatea Tehnică Cluj-Napoca; 3. Stãnilã, S. (1995). Stadiul actual al cercetărilor privind prelucrarea solului cu minim de lucrări. Referat doctorat nr. 1, Universitatea Tehnică Cluj-Napoca. 4. Şandru, A., (1982), Reducerea consumului de energie prin folosirea raţională a agregatelor agricole. Ed. Scrisul Românesc, Craiova,. 5. Ulrich, S., Hofmann, B., Tischer, S. and Christen, O. 2006, Influence of tillage on soil quality in a long-term trial in Germany. In Soil Management for Sustainability. IUSS, Catena Verlag, Germany, pp.110-116. 

Studies Regarding Comparative Analysis of Main Working Indicators at Primary Soil

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Studies Regarding Comparative Analysis of Main Working Indicators at Primary Soil

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