Bobbo, Sergio

Fedele, Laura

Ferrarini, Giovanni

Rossi, Stefano

Scattolini, Mauro

English

Purdue E-Pubs

Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2022 Thermal Conductivity Measurements for Trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) in Liquid Phase Mauro Scattolini Giovanni Ferrarini Laura Fedele Stefano Rossi Sergio Bobbo Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc Scattolini, Mauro; Ferrarini, Giovanni; Fedele, Laura; Rossi, Stefano; and Bobbo, Sergio, "Thermal Conductivity Measurements for Trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) in Liquid Phase" (2022). International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 2412. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/2412 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu for additional information. Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/Herrick/Events/orderlit.html   2375, Page 1  19th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 10 - 14, 2022   Thermal Conductivity Measurements for trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) in Liquid Phase  Mauro Scattolini(1), Giovanni Ferrarini(1), Laura Fedele(1), Stefano Rossi(1), *Sergio Bobbo(1)  (1) Istituto per le Tecnologie della Costruzione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Padova, 35127, Italy, mauro.scattolini@itc.cnr.it giovanni.ferrarini@itc.cnr.it laura.fedele@itc.cnr.it sergio.bobbo@itc.cnr.it stefano.rossi@itc.cnr.it  * Corresponding Author    ABSTRACT  Refrigeration, heat pumps and air conditioning sectors are under pressure to find low GWP working fluids suitable for the substitution of the current high GWP refrigerants, as required by the European Regulation EU No 517/2014. Halogenated olefins (HFOs and HCFOs) are the most promising group of synthetic compounds being considered for such purpose, due to their very low GWP values, similar to those of natural refrigerants. Trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) belongs to this group. As several HFOs, R1234ze(E) is mildly flammable (A2 on the base of the ASHRAE classification). Having a normal boiling point of 254.15 K, it is a potential alternative refrigerant to R134a for medium temperature applications such as air-cooled and water-cooled chillers, heat pumps, refrigerators, vending machines and CO2 cascade systems.  Here, thermal conductivity measurements performed by means of a new transient hot-wire (THW) instrument are proposed for the liquid phase. The THW instrument is endowed with a two Ta wires (diameter 25 m) sensor. The measurements were performed at isothermal conditions in the range of temperatures between 243 K and 343 K, with pressures up to 8 MPa. The estimated standard uncertainty is lower than 2%. The results have been compared with the data available in the open literature.    1. INTRODUCTION  Low GWP refrigerants have been thoroughly researched over the past decade due to the need to find suitable substitutes for the present high GWP compounds used in the HVAC&R applications. As shown by McLinden et al. (2014), HFOs are the last group of synthetical chemicals available to identify new environmental benign refrigerants. Amongst them, trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) is one of the most promising fluid, both pure and as a component of mixtures (Mota-Babiloni et al., 2016), for applications like ORC (Invernizzi at al., 2016) and heat pumps (Kondou and Koyama, 2015). The reviews of Bobbo et al. (2018 and 2021) have shown that this fluid has been quite widely studied as refer thermodynamic properties, while still limited amount of measurements have been performed as refer transport properties. In particular, only 3 sets of thermal conductivity data have been published in the open literature: Grebenkov et al. (2009), Miyara et al. (2011) and Perkins and Huber (2011). As it will be discussed later on, these data are only partially coherent and the equation available in Refprop 10.0 data base (Lemmon et al., 2018) has been developed on the base of the data of Perkins and Huber (2011) only. Recently, we endowed the laboratory of refrigerants and nanofluids at the CNR ITC with an apparatus devoted to the measurements of thermal conductivity with the transient hot wire (THW) technique. The first measurements with the new apparatus have been made on R1234ze(E), to test the system and increase the available data on this fluid:   2375, Page 2  19th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 10 - 14, 2022 here, 51 data for the compressed liquid phase will be presented and discussed with a comparison with the available literature data.  2. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND METHODOLOGY  2.1 Materials The sample of trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E), CAS 1645-83-6), was supplied by Honeywell as a material of stated purity of 100%. The sample was degassed through several freeze, vacuum pump and thaw cycles. No further purification was performed.  2.2 Experimental apparatus and methodology The thermal conductivity measurements were performed applying the well-known transient hot wire technique (Wakeham et al., 1991). The measurements were obtained for R1234ze(E) in the compressed liquid phase in a relatively wide range of temperatures and pressures. The apparatus used for the measurements is shown in figure 1. Core of the apparatus is the sensor (HWS in figure 1) formed by two wires of different length to compensate the end effects with respect to the theoretical infinite wire. Both wires are made of Tantalum. Their diameter is 25 m and their lengths are 21.34 mm and 49.56 mm, respectively. The following procedure has been followed for the measurements: the pressure cell (C) is filled with the sample of liquid (from the sample bottle (SB)) until the wires are totally immersed in the liquid, as ensured by a pressure in the circuit higher than the saturation pressure of the fluid at the highest temperature in the circuit itself. The pressure vessel is made by stainless steel and is totally immersed in a vessel (V) filled with distilled water, which temperature is kept constant, with a stability of 0.02 K, by an external thermostatic bath (TB). The cell (C) has a volume of around 46.6 cc. Pressure in the system is changed by changing the internal volume of a manual press (MP) connected to the pressure vessel by a 1/16” ID stainless steel tubing. Thermal conductivity is measured at constant temperature and pressure by a THW instrument (HW, model thw-01L by Accuinstruments) based on a Wheatstone bridge of which two of the branches includes one of the two wires sensor. In this way, the bridge becomes sensitive to the difference in resistance of the two wires, and the sensor is then equivalent to a segment of an infinite wire, thus matching the theory on which the instrument has been developed. Experimental temperature is measured as the average of two temperature measurements performed by means of two PT100 (TS) immersed in the thermostatic bath in contact with the cell, one at the bottom and one at the top. The overall uncertainty in the temperature measurements is estimated to be 0.07 K. Pressure is measured through a Druck PMP 4070 pressure transducer (PT) with a FS of 13.5 MPa pressure sensor and an estimated uncertainty of around 0.04% FS. The signals coming from the sensors are acquired by a multimeter (MM) and elaborated in a PC through a dedicated software developed in LabView environment. The experimental uncertainty in the measurements of thermal conductivity is estimated to be around ±2%, evaluated      (a) (b)  Figure 1: (a) scheme of the THW apparatus: (MM) multimeter, (HW) Hot Wire instrument, (PC) personal computer,  (C) pressure cell, (TS)  PT100 thermometers,  (V)  pressure vessel, (SB)  sample bottle,  (MP)  manual press,  (TB)  thermostatic bath; (b) cutaway of the pressure cell with the two wires sensor: (HWS) hot wire sensor   HWS TS   2375, Page 3  19th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 10 - 14, 2022 on the base of experimental measurements performed on toluene and R134a.  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  3.1 Experimental results 51 thermal conductivity measurements for R1234ze(E) have been performed for the compressed liquid in the range of temperatures between 283 K and 333 K, with pressures from 1 to 8 MPa. The distribution of the data in the (P, T) plane is reported in Fig. 1, where the data distributions of Grebenkov et al. (2009) and Perkins and Huber (2011) are also shown. The present data overlaps with the data of Perkins and Huber (2011), only partially with the data of Grebenkov (2009) and those of Miyara et al. (2011). The full set of data is reported in Table 1. Figure 2 reports the thermal conductivity experimental data as a function of density calculated with Refprop 10.0 database at the experimental temperatures and pressures.  051015202530200 240 280 320 360 400 440Pressure (MPa)Temperature (K)Grebenkov et al. (2009)Perkins and Huber (2011)This work0.050.060.070.080.090.100.111000 1100 1200 1300 1400l exp (Wm-1K-1)Density (kgm-3)   Fig 1: (P,T) distribution of present work thermal conductivity data and of data available in the open literature  Fig 2: representation of present work thermal conductivity data as a function of density    2375, Page 4  19th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 10 - 14, 2022 3.2 Literature comparison To the knowledge of the authors, four sets of data are available in the open literature on the thermal conductivity of R1234ze(E). Perkins and Huber (2011) measured 452 liquid phase thermal conductivity data between 203 K and 343 K, with pressures ranging from 0.42 MPa to 23.3 MPa. These data, together with measurements of vapor phase presented in the same paper, have been used to develop a correlation implemented in the Refprop 10.0 database. Grebenkov et al. (2009) measured 94 liquid phase thermal conductivity data in the range of temperatures between 254 K and 407 K, with pressures ranging from 0.6 MPa and 20 MPa. However, the deviations of these data from the thermal conductivity correlation implemented in the Refprop 10.0 data base are higher than 20% for all the data. For this reason, they are not included in the discussion. Finally, Miyara et al. (2010) measured 3 points for the saturated liquid pure fluid R1234ze(E) obtained with a transient hot-wire method. More recently, Miyara et al. (2011) remeasured the saturated liquid thermal conductivity of R1234ze(E) from 283 K to 353 K with an improved transient hot-wire apparatus, producing 8 data in the range of temperatures between 283 K and 353 K.. Unfortunately, these data are not available to the authors and cannot be included in the discussion. However, Perkins and Huber (2011) evaluated their deviations from the correlation implemented in Refprop 10.0: while the 3 data of Miyara et al. (2010) showed a very high deviation (from 10% to 20%), the 8 data of Miyara et al. (2011) were in excellent agreement with the correlation based on the data of Perkins and Huber (2011). Figure 3 and 4 shows the deviations of present work and literature thermal conductivity data as a function of temperature and pressure, respectively. The data show a quite low bias (0.15%) and an ADD%=0.83%. 47 out of 51 data show deviations lower than ±2%, while only 3 data show absolute deviations between 2% and 3% at temperatures higher than 320 K, a region where a slightly higher dispersion of data is observed.  -4-3-2-10123180 220 260 300 340 380(lexp-l Ref) / l Ref100Temperature (K)This workPerkins and Huber (2011)-4-3-2-101230 2 4 6 8 10(lexp-l Ref) / l Ref100Pressure (MPa)This workPerkins and Huber (2011)  Fig 3: deviations of thermal conductivity experimental data from Refprop 10.0 database as a function of temperature.  Fig 4: deviations of thermal conductivity experimental data from Refprop 10.0 database as a function of pressure.  4. CONCLUSIONS  Thermal conductivity of R1234ze(E) compressed liquid have been measured, obtaining 51 points in the range of temperatures between 243 K and 343 K, with pressures from 1 MPa to 8 MPa. The measured values show a good agreement with the correlation developed by Perkins and Huber (2011) and implemented in the Refprop 10.0 data base: an AAD%=0.83% was observed, with only 4 points showing percentage absolute deviations higher than 2%, all at temperatures higher than 320 K.    2375, Page 5  19th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 10 - 14, 2022 NOMENCLATURE  AAD% percentage absolute average deviation GWP Global Warming Potential HCFO Hydro-Chloro-Fluoro-Olefins  HFO Hydro-Fluoro-Olefins HVAC&R Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration ORC Organic Rankine Cycle P pressure  (MPa) T temperature  (K)  Greek symbols  percentage deviation between experimental and Refprop 10.0 datal thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) Subscript   exp experimental  Refp calculated with Refprop 10.0    Table 1: experimental and calculated with Refprop 10.0 thermal conductivity data  T (K) P (MPa) l exp (W/mK) l Refp (W/mK) %  T (K) P (MPa) l exp (W/mK) l Refp (W/mK) % 283.2 0.996 0.080 0.080 0.18  312.9 6.004 0.074 0.073 1.26 283.2 1.986 0.081 0.081 0.21  312.9 8.005 0.074 0.075 -1.18 283.2 4.006 0.082 0.082 0.14  332.8 2.005 0.064 0.064 -0.03 283.2 5.993 0.083 0.083 -0.18  332.8 4.010 0.064 0.066 -2.35 283.2 8.001 0.084 0.084 -0.28  332.8 6.017 0.067 0.068 -1.41 302.9 1.237 0.074 0.073 0.88  332.8 8.070 0.068 0.069 -1.69 302.9 2.049 0.074 0.074 0.29  332.8 3.996 0.067 0.066 1.35 302.9 4.008 0.075 0.075 -0.01  273.7 1.206 0.083 0.083 -0.76 302.9 6.006 0.076 0.077 -0.28  273.8 2.008 0.084 0.084 0.32 302.9 8.021 0.078 0.078 -0.06  273.7 4.030 0.085 0.085 -0.46 322.8 2.022 0.067 0.067 0.21  273.7 5.998 0.086 0.086 -0.21 322.8 4.000 0.070 0.069 1.54  273.7 8.003 0.088 0.087 0.28 322.8 6.003 0.071 0.070 0.87  264.1 1.193 0.088 0.087 1.19 322.8 8.009 0.071 0.072 -0.67  264.1 2.013 0.089 0.087 1.61 342.6 3.994 0.063 0.063 1.06  264.1 4.008 0.089 0.089 0.47 342.7 6.012 0.063 0.065 -2.76  264.1 6.003 0.089 0.090 -0.24 342.7 8.011 0.064 0.067 -3.13  264.1 8.010 0.091 0.091 0.30 322.8 3.999 0.067 0.069 -2.92  254.5 2.021 0.092 0.091 1.36 342.7 4.008 0.062 0.063 -0.60  254.5 4.003 0.092 0.092 0.38 293.1 1.223 0.076 0.077 -0.52  254.5 5.982 0.094 0.093 1.24 293.1 2.007 0.077 0.077 -0.55  254.5 8.018 0.094 0.094 -0.15 293.1 3.995 0.078 0.078 -0.44  243.2 2.014 0.097 0.095 1.87 293.1 6.009 0.079 0.080 -0.53  243.3 4.004 0.097 0.096 0.53 293.1 8.005 0.080 0.081 -1.07  243.3 6.002 0.096 0.097 -1.05 312.8 2.009 0.070 0.070 -0.36  243.3 8.023 0.097 0.098 -0.88 312.9 3.494 0.071 0.072 -0.23         2375, Page 6  19th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 10 - 14, 2022 REFERENCES  Bobbo, S.; Nicola, G. di; Zilio, C.; Brown, J.S.; Fedele, L. (2018) Low GWP Halocarbon Refrigerants: A Review of Thermophysical Properties. Int. J. Refrig., 90, 181–201 Fedele, L., Bobbo, S., Menegazzo, D. (2021) An update on the thermosphysical properties data available for pure low GWP refrigerants, Proceedings of the 6th IIR Thermophysical properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants Conference (TPTPR2021), Vicenza, Italy, 1st- 3rd Sept., 2021 Paris, France: IIF/IIR Grebenkov, A.J., Hulse, R., Pham, H., Singh, R. (2009). Physical Properties and Equation of State for Trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene. Proceedings of the 3rd IIR Conference on Thermophysical properties and transfer processes of Refrigerants, Boulder, Colorado, 23-26.   Invernizzi, C.M., Iora, P., Preßinger, M., Manzolini, G. (2016). HFOs as substitute for R-134a as working fluids in ORC power plants: A thermodynamic assessment and thermal stability analysis. Appl. Therm. Eng., 103, 790-797 Lemmon, E.W., Bell, I.H., Huber, M.L., McLinden, M.O.  (2018). NIST Standard Reference Database 23:  Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 10.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.18434/T4/1502528 Kondou, C., Koyama, S. (2015). Thermodynamic assessment of high-temperature heat pumps using low-GWP HFO refrigerants for heat recovery, Int. J. Refrig., 53, 126-141 McLinden, M.O., Kazakov, A.F., Brown, J.S., Domanski, P.A. (2014). A thermodynamic analysis of refrigerants: possibilities and tradeoffs for low-GWP refrigerants. Int. J. Refrig., 38, 80-92 Mota-Babiloni, A., Navarro-Esbrí, J., Molés, F., Barragán Cervera, A., Peris, B., Verdú, G. (2016). A review of refrigerant R1234ze(E) recent investigations, Appl. Thermal Eng., 95, 211-222 Perkins, R. A., Huber, M.L. (2011). Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf) and trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)). J. Chem. Eng. Data, 56 (12), 4868-4874. Wakeham WA, Nagashima A., Sengers JV. (1991). Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids, Blackwell Scientific Publications. 

Thermal Conductivity Measurements for Trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) in Liquid Phase

https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3411&context=iracc

Thermal Conductivity Measurements for Trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) in Liquid Phase

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Purdue E-Pubs