The study on the driving cycle and powertrain of electric vehicle presents the conclusion that there is a regular working area on efficiency map where electric motor works for the most time. Thus, two motivations are proposed: first, to evaluate the efficiency map of electric motor analytically, second, to design an electric motor whose maximum efficiency area on efficiency map covers its regular working area. To evaluate motor efficiency map, three tasks have to be completed: calculating torque-speed characteristic, calculating losses, studying on motor control strategy. For in-wheel application, surface-mounted permanent magnet motor with fractional-slot concentrated-windings is adopted. Its torque-speed profile of flux-weakening control is calculated. Different methods of losses calculation are compared and the results are presented. Motor control strategy is studied to obtain the input electric parameters of other operating points within the torque-speed profile. To design the motor, driving cycle and powertrain of electric vehicle are analyzed. Multi-objective optimization is utilized to obtain the optimal motor design. Different factors impacting motor efficiency map are discussed. The motor designs are compared to illustrate the loss balance of electric motor. Motor design and analytic results are validated in powertrain calculation and finite element calculation. Flux-weakening control is implemented. The co-simulation model is built up for further study to calculate the dynamic efficiency of driving cycle. A prototype with similar typology and winding layout is manufactured. Some preliminary experiment results are presented and compared with analytic result

Zijian, Li

English

Risks to cultural heritage and the related losses should be mitigated before disasters such as earthquakes happen. Risks can be addressed by various means, from raising the cultural attention of authorities to documenting the artistic or historical value of an object. The main contribution of structural engineering to cultural heritage concerns the regular maintenance and monitoring for risk reduction. Risk mitigation of historical buildings, as a part of the more general concept of conservation, involves different disciplines. Teams need to be multidisciplinary and information deriving from historical, metric, stylistic, structural, seismic, geotechnical and physical analysis may contribute to the achievement of an overall comprehension of cultural assets. The synergic action of the characterization and monitoring techniques are essential factors to understand, on one hand the mechanisms and the consequences of degradation and, on the other hand, to provide reliable and well-grounded guidelines for the definition of technical interventions to prevent/ to stop the degradation phenomena, to restore the functionality and the use of the historical building/ artifact, or to predict, mitigate and even control the response to accidental events, including strong motions. In this field, an important role is played not only by the analytical aspects, but also by the development and validation of innovative materials and systems for conservation. International deontological guidelines on conservation of cultural heritage define the structural rehabilitation of heritage structures as the cure of a sick person, hence "the heritage structures require anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy and controls, corresponding respectively to the searches for significant data and information, individuation of the causes of damage and decay, choice of the remedial measures and control of the efficiency of the interventions". Moreover, the same codes state that: "the best therapy is preventive maintenance", which can only be achieved via monitoring of the structure. In this thesis work a few topical issues of the structural modelling, monitoring and assessment of historic masonry buildings were addressed, with particular emphasis on the dynamic testing and identification. The possible connections with other disciplines are analysed and discussed throughout the text. In this framework, the outline of the thesis includes an introductive first chapter in which the context established by the most recent codes and guidelines concerning the architectural heritage conservation is duly reviewed and analysed. The importance of attaining a knowledge of the structure is also discussed. The second chapter sets up the scene, in which it introduces the principal issues of seismic risk and safety assessment of architectural heritage. Firstly, a brief overview is given of the seismic risk and of geological and geotechnical aspects as related to ancient heritage. Successively, the viability of performance-based approaches, for application to the seismic assessment of architectural heritage, is discussed also in the light of a few recent proposals. In this context, the fundamentals of structural health monitoring are also reported. Chapter 3 is intended to stress the importance of modal testing as an effective tool for ancient structures characterisation, so it starts with a state-of-the-art on linear system identification methods with emphasis on output-only techniques. In particular, time domain and joint time-frequency domain identification techniques are introduced and deeply analysed. Model updating is then addressed and its connection with operational modal analysis is underlined. Finally, a few noteworthy examples of linear identification and model updating of architectural heritage structures are reported. Chapter 4 is about the dynamic and seismic behaviour of domes. The coverage focuses on three ideal benchmar

Zanotti Fragonara, Luca

PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino

A comparison of the backpropagation and recursive prediction error algorithms for training neural networks.

A frequency domain method for estimating the parameters of a non-linear structural dynamic model through feedback.

A local restoring force surface method.

A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems.

A new derivation of the frequency response function matrix for vibrating non-linear systems.

A new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covariances in filters and estimators.

A new procedure for detecting nonlinearity from transient data using the Gabor transform.

A nonparametric identification technique for nonlinear dynamic problems.

Adaptive H∞ filter: its application to structural identification.

An adaptive extended Kalman filter for structural damage identification.

An experimental investigation of change detection in uncertain chain-like systems.

An orthogonal parameter estimation algorithm for nonlinear stochastic systems.

Analysis and modification of Volterra/Wiener networks for the adaptive identification of non-linear hysteretic dynamic systems.

Analysis of MDOF nonlinear systems using associated linear equations.

Analysis of nonlinear systems using Wavelets.

Application of Frequency Domain Identification Method to Nonlinear Systems.

Application of the Conditioned Reverse Path Method to structures with different types of non-linearities.

Application of the restoring force method to nonlinear elements.

Approximate probabilistic analysis of the accuracy of operation of essentially nonlinear systems.

Associated Linear Equations for Volterra operators.

Bouc-Wen-type models with stiffness degradation: thermodynamic analysis and applications.

Calculation of the Volterra kernels of nonlinear dynamic systems using an artificial neural network.

Characterization of Nonlinear Vibrating Systems Using Internal Feedback and Frequency Response Modulation.

Comparison of two non-linear system identification approaches derived from &quot;reverse path&quot; spectral analysis.

Data processing and experiment design for the restoring force surface method, Part I: integration and differentiation of measured time data.

Data processing and experiment design for the restoring force surface method, Part II: choice of excitation signal.

Development of adaptive modelling techniques for non-linear hysteretic systems.

Developments in the force-state mapping technique for non-linear systems and the extension to the location of non-linear elements in a lumped-parameter system.

Differential models of hysteresis,

Direct Parameter Estimation for LInear and Non-Linear Structures.

Dynamic properties of the hysteretic Bouc-Wen model.

Endochronic theory, non-linear kinematic hardening rule and generalized plasticity: a new interpretation based on a generalized normality assumption.

Equivalent linearisation techniques.

Experimental Identification of beams with localized nonlinearities.

Extended model set, global data and threshold model identification for severely non-linear systems.

Filtering for nonlinear dynamical systems.

Frequency Domain Approaches for the Identification of an Experimental Beam with a Local Non-linearity.

Harmonic Wavelets in Vibrations and Acoustics.

Heuristic principles for the design of artificial neural networks.

Hilbert-Huang based approach for structural damage detection.

Identification and modeling of nonlinear systems.

Identification of a class of nonlinear systems.

Identification of an extended BoucWen model with application to seismic protection through hysteretic devices.

Identification of Bouc-Wen hysteretic systems by a hybrid evolutionary algorithm.

Identification of Hysteretic Oscillators under earthqauke loading by Nonparameteric models.

Identification of hysteretic systems with slip using bootstrap filter.

Identification of linear structural dynamic systems.

Identification of non-linear and hysteretic systems. Nonlinear Systems using Associated Linear Equations (ALEs), par1: obtaining the ALEs froma MDOF Continous Nonliear System. Proceeding of ISMA

Identification of non-linear hysteretic systems with slip.

Identification of Non-linear systems parameters via the instantaneous frequency: application of the Hilbert transform and Wigner-Ville techniques.

Identification of nonlinear structural elements by force-state mapping.

Identification of nonlinear system parameters Chapter 6 - Identification of non-linear and hysteretic systems. in joints using the force-state mapping technique.

Identification of nonlinear vibrating structures: part I - formalism.

Identification of nonlinear vibrating structures.

Identification of physical parameters with memory in non-linear sistems.

Identification of structural nonlinearities using describing functions and Sherman-Morrison method.

Identification of the state equation in complex non-linear systems.

Identificazione nonlineare basata su serie di Volterra. Politecnico di Torino,

Improvement of parameter estimation for nonlinear hysteretic systems with slip by a fast bayesian bootstrap filter.

Input-output parametric models for non-linear systems, part I.

Input-output parametric models for non-linear systems, part II.

Instantaneous identification of degrading hysteretic oscillators under earthquake excitation.

Instantaneous identification of localized non-linearities in steel framed structures.

Instantaneous identification of polynomial nonlinearity based on Volterra series representation.

Instantaneous indicators of structural behaviour based on the continuous cauchy wavelet analysis.

Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis,

Kalman filtering and Neural Networks,

Method for identifying models of nonlinear systems using linear time periodic approximations.

Method of random vibration of hysteretic systems.

Metodi dinamici avanzati in diagnostica strutturale. Politecnico di Torino, Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,

Modal identification based on Gaussian continuous time autoregressive moving average model.

Modal identification of linear non-proportionally damped systems by Wavelet transform.

Modèle mathématique d'hystérésis

Modelling and prediction of non-linear time-series.

New approach for filtering nonlinear systems.

Non-linear system identification using lumped parameter models with embedded feedforward neural networks.

Non-linear system identification using neural networks.

Non-linear system vibration analysis using Hilbert transform -I. Free vibration analysis method 'Freevib'. Mechanical Systems and Signal Luca Zanotti Fragonara - “Dynamic models for ancient heritage structures”

Non-linear system vibration analysis using Hilbert transform -II.

Nonlinear normal modes, Part I: A useful framework for the structural dynamicist.

Nonlinear normal modes, Part II: Toward a practical computation using numerical continuation techniques.

Nonlinear System Analysis and Identification from Random Data,

Nonlinearity in structural dynamics: detection, identification, and modelling,

Notes on the Theory of Modulation.

On equivalent harmonic and stochastic linearization.

On the convergence of patter search algorithms.

On-line identification of non-linear hysteretic structures using an adaptive tracking technique.

On-line parametric identification of MDOF nonlinear hysteretic systems.

Online simulation-based methods for parameter estimation in non-linear non-Gaussian state-space models.

Optimal Control and Estimation,

Output-only identification and dynamic analysis of time-varying mechanical structures under random excitation: A comparative assessment of parametric methods.

Parameter estimation for hysteretic systems.

Parameter identification of inelastic structures under dynamic loads.

Parametric time-domain methods for nonstationary random vibration modelling and analysis - A critical survey and comparison.

Past, present and future of nonlinear system identification in structural dynamics.

Power spectral analysis of non-stationary random processes.

Practical Time-Frequency Analysis,

Properties of neural networks with application to modelling non-linear dynamical systems.

Random vibrations of a duffing oscillator using the Volterra series.

Random vibrations of a multi-degree-of-freedom non-linear system using the Volterra series.

Dynamic models for ancient heritage structures

A comparison between the axial flux and the radial flux structures for PM synchronous motors,” Industry Applications,

A computationally efficient iron loss model for brushless AC machines that caters for rated flux and field weakened operation,”

A General Approach to Determine the Rotor Losses

A new control technique for achieving wide constant power speed operation with an interior PM alternator machine,” presented at the Industry Applications Conference,

A synchronous axial flux PM machine d,q axes model which takes into account iron losses, saturation and temperature effects on the windings and the permanent magnets,” in Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion,

AC motors for high-performance drives: a design-based comparison,” Industry Applications,

ADVISOR 2.1: a user-friendly advanced powertrain simulation using a combined backward/forward approach,” Vehicular Technology,

Analysis and Comparison of Methods for Determining d- and q-axes

Analysis and Design of a PM Brushless Motor for High-Speed Operations,” Energy Conversion,

Analysis of a light permanent magnet in-wheel motor for an electric vehicle with autonomous corner modules,” Royal Institute of Technology,

Analysis of a three-phase in-wheel electric motor,”

Analytical prediction of eddy current losses in retaining sleeves for surface mounted PM synchronous machines,”

Axial flux machines drives: a new viable solution for electric cars,” Industrial Electronics,

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines. Dordrecht,The Netherlands:

Back-EMF waveforms and core losses

Brushless dc motor design: an optimization procedure based on genetic algorithms,”

Brushless permanent-magnet motor design.

Calculation of synchronous reactances of small permanent magnet alternating current motors comparison of analytical approach and finite element method with measurements,”

Comparison between models for eddy-current loss calculations in rotor surface-mounted permanent magnets,”

Comparison of analytical and Finite Element calculation of eddy-current losses

Comparison of PM brushless motors, having either all teeth or alternate teeth wound,” Energy Conversion,

Comprehensive drive train efficiency analysis of hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles based on motor-controller efficiency modeling,” Power Electronics,

Design considerations for fractional-slot winding configurations of synchronous machines,” Industry Applications,

Design criteria of high efficiency SPM synchronous motors,”

Design of a 250kW, fault tolerant PM generator for the more electric Aircraft,”

Design of a permanent-magnet direct-driven wheel motor drive for electric vehicle,” presented at the Power Electronics Specialists Conference,

Design of axial-flux permanent-magnet low-speed machines and performance comparison between radial-flux and axial-flux machines,”

Design of brushless permanent-magnet motors.

Development of Traction Drive Motors for the Toyota Hybrid System,”

Electric motor drives modeling, analysis, and control. Upper Saddle River:

Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles,”

Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System,” Oak

Evaluation of a Toyota Prius Hybrid System (THS),” United States Environmental Protection Agency,

Experimental verification of optimal flux weakening in surface PM Machines using concentrated windings,” Industry Applications,

Fault tolerant permanent magnet machine drives,” Electrical Machines and Drives,

Favourable slot and pole number combinations for fault tolerant

Fractional-Slot Concentrated-Windings Synchronous Permanent Magnet Machines: Opportunities and Challenges,” Industrial Electronics,

Fractional-Slot Surface Mounted

How to determine the electric car design specifications?,” presented at the

Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Architecture and Motor Drives,”

Hybrid vehicles and the future of personal transportation. Boca Raton:

Impact of MMF Space Harmonic on Rotor Losses in Fractional-Slot Permanent-Magnet Machines,” Energy Conversion,

Impact of the rotor yoke geometry on rotor losses in permanent magnet machines,”

Impact of Winding Layer Number and Magnet Type on Synchronous Surface PM Machines Designed for Wide Constant-Power Speed Range Operation,” Energy Conversion,

Improved analytical modelling of rotor eddy current loss in brushless machines equipped with surface-mounted permanent magnets,” Electric Power Applications,

Index of rotor losses in three-phase fractional-slot permanent magnet machines,”

Influence of design parameters on cogging torque in permanent magnet machines,” Energy Conversion,

Instantaneous magnetic field distribution in brushless permanent magnet DC motors.

Instantaneous magnetic field distribution in permanent magnet brushless DC motors.

Iron loss in permanent-magnet brushless AC machines under maximum torque per ampere and flux weakening control,” Magnetics,

Modeling and Simulation of PMSM Control System Based on SVPWM,” presented at the 27 th Chinese Control Conference, KunMing,China,

Modeling of electric machines for automotive applications using efficiency maps,”

Modeling of Iron Losses in Permanent Magnet with Field-Weakening Capability,”

Modeling of iron losses of permanent-magnet synchronous motors,” Industry Applications,

Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles fundamentals, theory, and design, 2nd dition. Boca Raton:

Modular fault-tolerant permanent magnet brushless machines,”

Modular Three-Phase Permanent-Magnet Brushless Machines for In-Wheel Applications,” Vehicular Technology,

Multi-Objective Optimization Design of In-Wheel Switched Reluctance Motors

Multiobjective optimization of induction machines including mixed variables and noise minimization,”

NSGA-II A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm,” Evolutionary Computation,

On the evolution of AC machines for spindle drive applications,”

Optimal flux weakening in surface PM machines using fractional-slot concentrated windings,” Industry Applications,

Overview and Comparison of Iron Loss Models for Electrical Machines.”

Overview of Permanent-Magnet Brushless Drives for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” Industrial Electronics,

Parameters and volt-ampere ratings of a synchronous motor drive for flux-weakening applications,” Power Electronics,

Performance and Design of Permanent Magnet AC Motor Drives.

Performance Comparison Between Surface-Mounted and Interior PM Motor Drives for Electric Vehicle Application,” Industrial Electronics,

Performance evaluation of an integrated starter alternator using an interior permanent magnet machine,” Electric Power Applications,

Permanent-magnet brushless machines with unequal tooth widths and similar slot and pole numbers,” Industry Applications,

Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines with Non-Overlapping Concentrated Windings f or Low-Sp eed Direct-Drive Applications,” Roya l Institute of Technology, Sto ckholm,

PM Motor Parametric Design Analyses for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Traction Drive Application,”

Rapid analytical optimization of eddy-current shield thickness for associated loss minimization in electrical Machines,” Industry Applications,

Rotor eddy-current loss in permanent magnet brushless machines,” Magnetics,

Rotor loss in permanent-magnet brushless

SPEED’s electric motors.

Studying rotor eddy current loss of PM machines using nonlinear FEM including rotor motion,”

Torque and efficiency calculation of an interior permanent magnet motor considering harmonic iron losses of both the stator and rotor,” Magnetics,

Torque Control in Field Weakening

visualises the electric wheel hub motor.”

Winding factors and Joule losses of permanent magnet machines with concentrated windings,” presented at

FRACTIONAL-SLOT CONCENTRATED-WINDING SURFACE-MOUNTED PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR IN-WHEEL APPLICATION

Risks to cultural heritage and the related losses should be mitigated before disasters such as earthquakes happen. Risks can be addressed by various means, from raising the cultural attention of authorities to documenting the artistic or historical value of an object. The main contribution of structural engineering to cultural heritage concerns the regular maintenance and monitoring for risk reduction. 
Risk mitigation of historical buildings, as a part of the more general concept of conservation, involves different disciplines. Teams need to be multidisciplinary and information deriving from historical, metric, stylistic, structural, seismic, geotechnical and physical analysis may contribute to the achievement of an overall comprehension of cultural assets. 
The synergic action of the characterization and monitoring techniques are essential factors to understand, on one hand the mechanisms and the consequences of degradation and, on the other hand, to provide reliable and well-grounded guidelines for the definition of technical interventions to prevent/ to stop the degradation phenomena, to restore the functionality and the use of the historical building/ artifact, or to predict, mitigate and even control the response to accidental events, including strong motions. In this field, an important role is played not only by the analytical aspects, but also by the development and validation of innovative materials and systems for conservation.
International deontological guidelines on conservation of cultural heritage define the structural rehabilitation of heritage structures as the cure of a sick person, hence “the heritage structures require anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy and controls, corresponding respectively to the searches for significant data and information, individuation of the causes of damage and decay, choice of the remedial measures and control of the efficiency of the interventions”. Moreover, the same codes state that: “the best therapy is preventive maintenance”, which can only be achieved via monitoring of the structure.
In this thesis work a few topical issues of the structural modelling, monitoring and assessment of historic masonry buildings were addressed, with particular emphasis on the dynamic testing and identification. The possible connections with other disciplines are analysed and discussed throughout the text. In this framework, the outline of the thesis includes an introductive first chapter in which the context established by the most recent codes and guidelines concerning the architectural heritage conservation is duly reviewed and analysed. The importance of attaining a knowledge of the structure is also discussed.
The second chapter sets up the scene, in which it introduces the principal issues of seismic risk and safety assessment of architectural heritage. Firstly, a brief overview is given of the seismic risk and of geological and geotechnical aspects as related to ancient heritage. Successively, the viability of performance-based approaches, for application to the seismic assessment of architectural heritage, is discussed also in the light of a few recent proposals. In this context, the fundamentals of structural health monitoring are also reported.
Chapter 3 is intended to stress the importance of modal testing as an effective tool for ancient structures characterisation, so it starts with a state-of-the-art on linear system identification methods with emphasis on output-only techniques. In particular, time domain and joint time-frequency domain identification techniques are introduced and deeply analysed. Model updating is then addressed and its connection with operational modal analysis is underlined. Finally, a few noteworthy examples of linear identification and model updating of architectural heritage structures are reported.
Chapter 4 is about the dynamic and seismic behaviour of domes. The coverage focuses on three ideal benchmarks on reconciling geometric survey with dynamic monitoring. The analyses concerned structures with oval shape domes, such as the Sanctuary of Vicoforte, S. Caterina in Casale Monferrato and S. Agostino in L’Aquila. The final products are virtual models which were enabled to predict the linear dynamic response under earthquake excitation. 
Chapter 5 inspects modelling strategies suited for masonry under intense seismic excitations. The state-of-the-art covers both models for equivalent static analysis and models which operates in dynamics. A model allowing for stiffness degradation, pinching and hysteresis is then proposed, whose formulation admits extensions to multiple degree of freedom systems. The proposal originates from the well-known Bouc-Wen model. 
Chapter 6 deals with non-linear identification methods. In perspective, also non-linear identification is expected to become a powerful tool in the context of structural and seismic reliability assessment, especially in the light of the increasing levels of knowledge and prediction capabilities which recent standards strive for. Unfortunately, non-linear identification is to date a specialized and challenging matter, and it has been seldom applied to full-scale structures. In this chapter, special emphasis is given to on-line implementations, with several numerical examples showing the potential of non-linear as well as hysteretic system identification.
The last chapter presents an experimental application of non-linear identification. A scaled model of a two-span masonry arch bridge has been artificially damaged and monitored at each damage step. A non-linear identification has been performed from shaker tests data. Results of the experimental campaign will be used to corroborate a non-linear and hysteretic model of the bridge endowed with prediction capabilities

ZANOTTI FRAGONARA, LUCA

PORTO@iris (Publications Open Repository TOrino - Politecnico di Torino)

The study on the driving cycle and powertrain of electric vehicle presents the conclusion that there is a regular working area on efficiency map where electric motor works for the most time. Thus, two motivations are proposed: first, to evaluate the efficiency map of electric motor analytically, second, to design an electric motor whose maximum efficiency area on efficiency map covers its regular working area.
To evaluate motor efficiency map, three tasks have to be completed: calculating torque-speed characteristic, calculating losses, studying on motor control strategy. For in-wheel application, surface-mounted permanent magnet motor with fractional-slot concentrated-windings is adopted. Its torque-speed profile of flux-weakening control is calculated. Different methods of losses calculation are compared and the results are presented. Motor control strategy is studied to obtain the input electric parameters of other operating points within the torque-speed profile.
To design the motor, driving cycle and powertrain of electric vehicle are analyzed. Multi-objective optimization is utilized to obtain the optimal motor design. Different factors impacting motor efficiency map are discussed. The motor designs are compared to illustrate the loss balance of electric motor.
Motor design and analytic results are validated in powertrain calculation and finite element calculation. Flux-weakening control is implemented. The co-simulation model is built up for further study to calculate the dynamic efficiency of driving cycle. A prototype with similar typology and winding layout is manufactured. Some preliminary experiment results are presented and compared with analytic results

LI, ZIJIAN

https://iris.polito.it/retrieve/handle/11583/2497418/56672/Zijian%20LI_FinalThesis.pdf

FRACTIONAL-SLOT CONCENTRATED-WINDING SURFACE-MOUNTED PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR IN-WHEEL APPLICATION

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PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino

PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino

PORTO@iris (Publications Open Repository TOrino - Politecnico di Torino)

PORTO@iris (Publications Open Repository TOrino - Politecnico di Torino)