タイジン コミュニケーション ニ オケル ヒゲンゴ コウドウ ノ 2シャ ソウゴ エイキョウ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ

Abstract

同調傾向とは、対人相互作用場面において、相互作用者の非言語行動が相手のそれと同期・類似する現象である。同調傾向はこれまで多分野でさまざまな関心から個別に研究されており、体系的に概説されてこなかった。そこで本研究では、先行研究を幅広く概観した。まず、これまで研究者ごとに提案されてきた同調傾向を指す用語を整理することにより、同調傾向が人間のコミュニケーション行動のさまざまな性質・側面を映し出すことが示唆された。また同調傾向の生起に関わる要因、ならびに同調傾向がもたらす4つの主な影響について概説した。さらには、Hess, Philippot, & Blairy (1999)のモデルやcommunication accommodation理論(例えば、Shepard, Giles, & LePoire, 2001)、長岡(2003)モデルを手がかりとして、同調傾向の2つの側面を浮き彫りにした。これにより同調傾向が果たす役割について考察するとともに、今後の研究の方向性について議論した。In social interactions, the interactants' nonverbal behavior may synchronize and become similar. In this study, the author called this phenomenon ‘synchrony tendency’. Since conventional research about this phenomenon has been conducted from various angles separately, there has been almost no attempt to examine the role of synchrony tendency systematically. In this light, the present study aims at reviewing synchrony tendency based on previous studies from various fields and perspectives. The synchrony tendency has been observed in various communication channels, and in various forms, such as interspeaker congruence of paralanguage, convergence of accents in cross-cultural communication, mimicry of other’s facial and vocal emotional expressions, neonate imitation, interpersonal synchrony of body movements, entrainment between a neonate's body movement and the flow of an adult's speech. Therefore, this phenomenon has been labeled with various terms, each one having a specific nuance. Moreover, the synchrony tendency is not always observed in all interactions, and it sensitively changes with various factors, such as the interactants' level of empathy and socialization. For example, the results of my experiments indicate that the convergence of response latencies (i.e., latencies before responding to the last utterance of one's partner) in dialogues reflects whether a speaker is receptive to the conversational partner during the dialogue. All these suggest that the synchrony tendency provides an effective indicator reflecting various aspects of our communication behavior. Various functions of the synchrony tendency in adults’ interactions can be inferred from past literature: (a) it facilitates the understanding of an interactional partner's emotions, (b) it conveys empathy and rapport, and (c) it makes the speakers' personality and attitude feel positive. Furthermore, the results of my experiments showed that the synchrony tendency facilitates goal achievement, such as reaching a compromise through discussion (the speakers whose response latencies became similar over the time course to those of their conversational partners evaluated that they reached a compromise). Past literature along with the results of my own experiments bring to light two aspects of the synchrony tendency: the emotional/automatic/inherent aspect and the cognitive/acquired aspect. Examples that clearly illustrate the former aspect are imitations of facial and vocal emotional expressions and neonate imitation. On the other hand, the cognitive/acquired aspect is illustrated by convergence or congruence of response latencies, vocal intensity, speech duration, language, or accent, and is influenced by social factors. The above-mentioned aspects of the synchrony tendency match Hess, Philippot, & Blairy (1999)’s mimicry model, Giles et al.’s communication accommodation theory (ex. Shepard, Giles, & LePoire, 2001), as well as the author’s speech style convergence model. The speech styles convergence model derived from a series of studies on the convergence of response latencies in dialogues. This model suggests that adopting a partner’s speech style and the output cycle between the interactants being influenced by the speakers’ social skills and attitude towards the partner, this cycle develops over the course of the interaction until the speech styles finally converge to a point most suitable for the members of the dyad to progress smoothly through the dialogue. In the future, it is necessary to investigate quantitatively through which communication channels, and when in the time course of an interaction, the synchrony tendency is displayed