Banet Carreras, Núria

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Facultat de Veterinària

English

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Disease Risk Analysis in European polecat reintroduction: improving conservation outcomesINTRODUCTION• Conservation translocations are conducted to restore populations, but they can also magnify the spread of pathogens.• A Disease Risk Analysis (DRA) is a tool to gather information, identify the hazards, analyze the risks and manage the process in an informed way.OBJECTIVE5.Implementation and review1.Problem description 3.Risk assessment2.Hazard identification4.Risk management6.Risk communicationMETHODSCONCLUSIONSPathogen / Toxic agent Symptoms Mode of transmissionDetected in M. putoriusVirusSuid herpesvirus type 1Hypersalivation/ vomiting/depression/ comaDirect contact/ ingestion of infected wild boar carcassesNoCanine distemper virusNeurological, respiratory and gastrointestinal signsInhalation/ direct contact Yes, in SpainInfluenza virusesRespiratory and  neurological signs/ systemic lesionsIngestion/ inhalation NoRotaviruses Diarrhea/ dehydration/ abdominal distension Fecal-oral routeNo (detected in domestic ferrets)Aleutian mink disease virus Apathy/ poor pelt/ anorexia/ weight loss/ diarrhea/ melaena/ infertility/ polydipsia/ neurological signs/ blood-clotting abnormalities/ ocular lesions Direct contact with contaminated urine, feces and saliva/ vertival transmissionYes, but not in SpainInfectious canine hepatitis virusLoss of apetite/ depression/ vomiting/ diarrhea/ abdominal pain/ cough/ nasal discharge/ neurological signsIngestion/ inhalation Yes, but not in SpainSars-CoV-2 Asymptomatic Direct contact/ inhalationNo (detected in domestic ferrets)BacteriaClostridium botulinum (botulism)Flaccid paralysis of skeletal musclesIngestion of preformed toxin of C. botulinumYes, but not in SpainMycobacterium bovis(tuberculosis)Asymptomatic (coughing and nasal exudates in severe cases)Ingestion/ inhalation/ vertical transmission Yes, but not in SpainStreptococcus Non-specificDirect contact/ ingestion/ mastiticmilk/ pus/ nasal dischargeUnknownClostridium perfringens type AAbdominal distension/ dyspneaFecal-oral route/ fomites Yes, but not in SpainStaphylococcus delphini group AHypersecretory diarrhea in ferret kitsMustelids are natural hosts of S. delphini g. AYes, but not in SpainLawsoniaintracellularis(proliferative colitis)Poor growth/ diarrhea/ hypoproteinemic edema Fecal-oral route Yes, but not in SpainLeptospira spp. (leptospirosis) Unknown in wildlifeVia mucosal surfaces/ via skin cuts or trauma Yes, but not in SpainEmmonsia spp. (adiaspyromicosis)Usually asymptomatic (but causes granulomatous pneumonia)Inhalation of the ubiquitous fungus Emmonsia spp.Yes, but not in SpainAnaplasmaphagocytophilum Unknown Tick-borne disease Yes, but not in SpainAfter gathering the information to perform the “hazard identification”, we have identified 27 hazards that could have an impact in theoutcome of the reintroduction project. Assessing the risks and plan proper measures for these hazards will increase the possibilities ofsuccess.Núria Banet CarrerasFaculty of Veterinary Medicine – Final degree project, June 2022•Perform the hazard identification step of a DRA forthe reintroduction of European polecats in Catalonia.• Initial bibliographic search to list infectious and toxic diseases that couldpotentially affect polecats or mustelids (=hazards)• Subsequent specific search to gather relevant information on each hazardRESULTSPathogen / Toxic agent Symptoms Mode of transmissionDetected in M. putoriusYersinia spp.Acute forms: fulminating septicaemia/ Chronic forms: loss of weight, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, necrotizing enteritis, anorexia, diarrhea, respiratory distress, muscular weakness, incoordinationFecal-oral route/ verticalYes, but not in SpainCandidatus Neorerlichiamikurensis Unknown Tick-borne diseaseYes, but not in SpainToxic agentAnticoagulant rodenticide Haemorrhages/ lethargy/ reduced scape responeIngestion of the drug or contaminated preysYes, but not in SpainParasiteFleas (e.g. Ctenocephalides spp., Paraceras spp., …)Asymptomatic or pruritus and flea allergy dermatitisDirect/ indirect contact Yes, in SpainTicks (e.g. Ixodes spp., Dermacentor spp.,…)Asymptomatic or symptoms of tick-borne diseases Direct/ indirect contact Yes, in SpainMites (e.g. Otodectes spp., Sarcoptes spp., Demodex spp.,…)Pruritus/ crusty dermatitis/ erythema/ papules/otitisDirect/ indirect contact Yes, in SpainDiptera (e.g. Wohlfahrtia spp., Oestrus spp.,…)Myasis/ dermatologic signs/ lancinating pain/ serosanguineous discharge/ agitaton/ insomniaFlies deposit living larvae that penetrate skin and feed subcutaneouslyYes, in SpainTrematoda: Lung flukes (e.g. Paragonimus spp.), intestinal flukes (e.g. Troglotrema spp.,…) and liver flukes (e.g. Fasciola spp.,…)Lung flukes: cough, weakness and lethargy/ Intestinal flukes: enteritis and pulmonary hemorrhages during migration/ Liver flukes: usually asymptomatic. But in severe infections weakness, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, coma and death.Ingestion of intermediate hostsYes, but not in SpainCestoda: tapeworms (e.g. Taenia spp., Monordotaeniaspp., Oschmarenia spp.,…)Intestinal signsIngestion of contaminated food or intermediate hostsYes, but not in SpainNematoda: lung worms (e.g. Skrjabingylus nasicola,…), heartworms (Dirofilaria spp.,…), trichinosis (Trichinella spp.,), ascariasis (e.g. Toxocara spp.,…) Asymptomatic, remodelationof frontal bone (S. nasicola) or affectation of many organs (lungs, heart…) with unspecific symptomsParatenic hosts (S. nasicola)/ vectorial transmission (Dirofilaria spp.)/ ingestionYes, but not in Spain (Toxocaraspp. and Dirofilaria spp. are present) Protozoa (e.g. Babesia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmaniainfantum…)Anorexia, polypnea and pale mucous membranes (Babesia spp.), papularlesions (L. infantum) and lethargy, corneal edema, ataxia and abortions Tick-borne disease (Babesia spp.)/ vector (L. infantum)/ ingestion/ vertical transmissionYes, in Spain (L. infantum has only been reported in domestic ferrets) 

Disease Risk Analysis in European polecat reintroduction: improving conservation outcomes

https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/tfg/2022/264969/TFG_nbanetcarreras_poster.pdf

Disease Risk Analysis in European polecat reintroduction: improving conservation outcomes

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