Planck 2018 results: VIII. Gravitational lensing

Abstract

We present measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing potential using the final Planck 2018 temperature and polarization data. Using polarization maps filtered to account for the noise anisotropy, we increase the significance of the detection of lensing in the polarization maps from 5? to 9?. Combined with temperature, lensing is detected at 40?. We present an extensive set of tests of the robustness of the lensing-potential power spectrum, and construct a minimum-variance estimator likelihood over lensing multipoles 8???L???400 (extending the range to lower L compared to 2015), which we use to constrain cosmological parameters. We find good consistency between lensing constraints and the results from the Planck CMB power spectra within the ?CDM model. Combined with baryon density and other weak priors, the lensing analysis alone constrains ?8?m0.25 = 0.589 ± 0.020 (1? errors). Also combining with baryon acoustic oscillation data, we find tight individual parameter constraints, ?8?=?0.811?±?0.019, H0 = 67.9?1.3+1.2 km s?1 Mpc?1, and ?m = 0.303?0.018+0.016. Combining with Planck CMB power spectrum data, we measure ?8 to better than 1% precision, finding ?8?=?0.811?±?0.006. CMB lensing reconstruction data are complementary to galaxy lensing data at lower redshift, having a different degeneracy direction in ?8????m space; we find consistency with the lensing results from the Dark Energy Survey, and give combined lensing-only parameter constraints that are tighter than joint results using galaxy clustering. Using the Planck cosmic infrared background (CIB) maps as an additional tracer of high-redshift matter, we make a combined Planck-only estimate of the lensing potential over 60% of the sky with considerably more small-scale signal. We additionally demonstrate delensing of the Planck power spectra using the joint and individual lensing potential estimates, detecting a maximum removal of 40% of the lensing-induced power in all spectra. The improvement in the sharpening of the acoustic peaks by including both CIB and the quadratic lensing reconstruction is detected at high significance.We thank Duncan Hanson for all his work on the previous Planck analyses without which the current work would not have been possible. We thank the DES collaboration for sharing their data. Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the HEALPix package. Support is acknowledged from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement No. [616170], and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council [grant numbers ST/L000652/1 and ST/N000927/1, respectively]. The Planck Collaboration acknowledges the support of: ESA; CNES, and CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France); ASI, CNR, and INAF (Italy); NASA and DoE (USA); STFC and UKSA (UK); CSIC, MINECO, JA, and RES (Spain); Tekes, AoF, and CSC (Finland); DLR and MPG (Germany); CSA (Canada); DTU Space (Denmark); SER/SSO (Switzerland); RCN (Norway); SFI (Ireland); FCT/MCTES (Portugal); ERC and PRACE (EU). A description of the Planck Collaboration and a list of its members, indicating which technical or scientific activities they have been involved in, can be found at https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/planck/planck-collaboration