In this paper we will present some of our resent research on ceremonial sites, marae, in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. These islands are located in the central East Polynesia Ocean, and are divided into the Windward and the Leeward Islands. Our paper considers the structural organization of habitation and ceremonial sites in the Society Islands (cf. Kirch 1996; Ladefoged 1998), as well as relations between marae and the surrounding landscape.</p

Solsvik, Reidar

Wallin, Paul

English

eVols at University of Hawaii at Manoa

HE MARAETEMPLE GR.OUNDS IN TH - 0 I TY I LAND, FR.EN H POLYNESIA TR.U TUR.AL TUDY OF PATIAL R.EL IONPaul Wallin and Reidar SolsvikThe Kon-Tiki Museum,Institute for Pacific Archaeology and Cultural HistoryLeeward Islands50 kmI n this paper we will present orne ofour resent research on ceremonialsite , marae, in the Society I land ofFrench Polynesia. These islands are lo-cated in the central East Polynesia Ocean,and are divided into the Windward andthe Leeward Islands (Figure 1). Our paperconsiders the structural organization ofhabitation and ceremonial ites in the So-ciety Islands (cf. Kirch 1996; Ladefoged1998), as well as relations between maraeand the surrounding landscape (Figures 2,a and b).Maupiti1Tupai~,BoraboraTaha'a•~Raiatea~HuahineMai'aoTetiaroa'JMo'oreaTahitiWindward Islands•Me'etiaTHE HOUSEHOLD Figure I. Map of the Society Islands showing the Leeward and Windward island group.by the gods them elves. The area located midway between theahu and the opposite end of the court had backre ts for thechief and his wife. The rest of the participants in the ceremonywere situated at the entrance end of the marae. Commoners andThe ettlement pattern in proto-hi toric Tahiti is described as dispersed,with the basic unit of habitation being thehou ehold. The household area, includinga courtyard, was enclo ed by a fencecalled aumoa (Turnbull 1813:355-356;Parkin on 1773:23; Handy 1923:34-35;Green et al. 1967:174-175; Ferdon1981:79). Several houses with di creetfunction were located within the court-yard. Generally, the household consi tedof a sleeping house, fare taoto; a cook-house, fare tutu; garden or horticulturalterraces; and a shrine for worshipping the Figure 2a. Leeward Society Islands marae (photo: Wallin 1993).family god. In addition, among chiefs, thehou ehold had a canoe house,jarau va'a,an a embly house, fare apo 'oraa, and ahou e for dance performances, fare heiva(Green et al. 1967:175).Structural comparison between themarae, the fare taoto, the fare heiva andthe death-house, fare tupapa 'u, will beundertaken.The general layout of a rnarae is arectangular area. In the Windward 1 landthi was enclosed by a fence, with theahu, a rai ed elongated stone structure, asa focal point at one end (Emory 1933, Si-noto 1996). The area in front of the ahuwa u ually paved and on the court were Figure 2b. Windward Society Islands marae (photo: Wallin 1993).wooden altars,jata-rau, for food offeringsplus upright stones serving as backrests for important peopleattending ceremonies at the marae. The area in front of the ahuwas only accessible for the priests and, on certain occasion ,the fIrstborn chief of the tribe. The top of the ahu was occupiedRapa Nui Journal 70 Vol. 16 (2) October 20021Wallin and Solsvik: The Marae Temple Grounds in the Society Islands, French Polynesia:Published by Kahualike, 2002Figure 3. Human sacrifice at a marae by John Webber (1776). From Ferdon 1981.Figure 4. Dwelling complex for a Tahitian chief by Sydney Parkinson (1773). From Ferdon 1981.Figure 5. Tahitian dance house,fare heiva. By John Webber (1776). From Ferdon 1981.women had to stay at the back of themarae, the outside, or were excluded frombeing present at all (Henry 1928:125, 134,142-143). That the marae wa perceivedas the "home-of-the-god" is attested byTeutira Henry's ethnohistorical de crip-tion on the inauguration of a nationalmarae. As the priest "went up into themarae", or the ahu, and sprinkled water,he invited the titular god to "take posses-sion of his new home" (Henry 1928: 137)(Figure 3). When the titular god partici-pated in the ceremonies, it was placed inthe avaa-rahi (a platform) directly in frontof the ahu (Henry 1928:133), and wemight assume that the ahu symbolicallyrepresented the house-of-the-god. Thusthe whole marae should be seen as thehousehold-of-the-god.In Sydney Parkinson's pen-and-wash drawing (Ferdon 1981:771) of adwelling complex for a Tahitian chief, wesee this same structural pattern (Figure 4).The Tahitian term 'marae' (Davies1991:133) mean both "the sacred placeformerly used for worship ...," a well as"cleared of wood, weed, rubbish, as a gar-den, or the place of worship." The court-yard and the inside of the sleeping house,fare taoto, was kept clean and either cov-ered with grass or, as the courtyard, pavedwith stones (Banks 1963; Ellis 1830:389;Parkinson 1773:23; cf. also Ferdon1981:80). The many altars for food offer-ing located at various places at themarae, can be compared to the racks forhanging raw food on the courtyard(Ferdon 1981:81-82; cf. also pen-and-wash drawing by S. Parkinson 1773:77)or inside the cookhouse (Handy 1932:24).Looking at the fare heiva depictedby John Webber (Ferdon 1981:131) fromTahiti in 1776 (Figure 5), one cannot es-cape the feeling that in very general termsthe structure re embles that of a marae. Ithas a raised building at one end within afenced enclosure, which may suggest thesymbolical similarity to the ahu of themarae with its enclosing walls and court.From the front of the house, extending abit out on the court there are mats, insteadof the paved area in front of the ahu. Asin the marae, the ceremony - here thedance - is being conducted on this"paved" area, while the general crowdsare outside the parameters of the structure(cf. de Bovis 1980:44, 50-51; Henry1928:125, 137-138, 166, 170, and 175).Henry (1928:133) al 0 states that theRapa Nui Journal 71 Vol. 16 (2) October 20022Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 16 [2002], Iss. 2, Art. 3https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol16/iss2/3Figure 6. A Tahitian death house, fare tLlpapa'LI, by John Webber 1776. (From Beaglehole 1967).drums were situated almo t at the center ofthe marae, near one of the short-end, as thedrums in the drawing. The arne structuralprinciples eem to be u ed in the fare tu-papa'u, or death hou e illustrated by JohnWebber (Figure 6).THE MARAE IN THE LANDSCAPENatural elements, such as, sea (water),land, and Icy, were central in Polynesiancreation myths. Therefore uch elementsplayed a central role in their world-view(Handy 1927:14; Henry 1928:337). Theconnection of natural elements to the toriesof creation gave of cour e meaning to thelandscape; meanings that were of impor-tance when selecting the building place ofthe marae.The environmental elements importantfor the location of the marae are the follow-ing: 1) The sea, including the open ocean,the coral reef ection, and the lagoon; 2) Theland, including the beach area, the coa tal plain, and the valley;3) The sky, including the sun, the moon, and stars, as well asgeographical directions.The open sea was of cour e important as provider of mainfood resources, as well a it had a strong connection to legen-dary seafarer and fishermen (Henry 1928:381). The passage inthe coral reef was also of great importance. This wa the en-trance to the ea and the (is)land. The calm waters of the la-goon, were full of small fish, and acce s to water in generalwas of great importance in different marae rituals. The locationof the marae close to the lagoon side may indicate its relationto this natural element. It may also indicate that the marae wasaccessible for vi itor from far and near. Such main tructuresmay have been of importance on the external political arena, aswell a a focal point for visitors.The coastal plain was a very fertile area with intensiveagricultural and plantation activities. If marae were located inthis area it might have been associated with such activities. Thecoastal plain was the exten ive living area, and the importanceof land ownership was shown and claimed through maraestructure (Henry 1928:141-142). The coastal plain may beseen as the main internal political arena, in the competition be-tween families, lineage and district groups.Some valleys extended about 10-15 kIn inland. The mainriver, its smaller connecting stream and waterfalls were themain localization factor for marae tructures inside the val-leys. This is due to the importance of water in cleaning ritualsbefore and after marae ceremonies (Handy 1927:52). Terracedtaro plantations and certain wild resources such asfei (bananas)and ofe (bamboo) might al 0 have been of importance for thelocation of certain specialized structure . These marae wereprobably of interest at the local political arena when it came tothe control over certain resources that were valuable for thepeople of the valley and connecting coastal plain.The de cription above i mainly ba ed on ethnohistoricaldescription of marae structures and their theoretical locationRapa Nui Journal 72on the landscape. So one can really ask, what picture may beshown through archaeological practice? The diagram (Figure7) shows the preliminary results of a statistical correspondenceanalysis based on construction variables defined in Wallin(1993), with some new landscape-oriented variables added. Thehorizontal axis shows landscape, size and type orientation, andthe vertical axis show social aspects.The right field represents large stepped marae located onthe beach/shore, with an orientation towards the ea/opening ofthe reef. They were the expre ion of certain individual/highchiefs as an externally oriented power demonstration.The large central field repre ents a mixed group of maraelocated on the coa tal plain/ridge and lower valley, where ahugenerally are oriented toward the interior. The e structures hada social/tribal function, u ed in land division and internal powerstruggles.The two left fields repre ent medium and small maraelocated up the valley. The ahu (when existing) was orientedtowards rivers and hill . They also represented individual pe-cialized structures with limited functions.In summary, this tatistical analy is is in line with the eth-nohi torical de criptions, which in individual ca e points atlarge coastal-bound tructures tied to powerful individuals andmediuml1esser structures on the coastal plain or further inlandtied to the lineage/family group or pecialists.REFERENCESBanks, J. 1963. The Endeavor Journal ofJoseph Banks. J. C.Beaglehole, 2 vols. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.de Bovis, E. 1980. Tahitian Society before the arrival of theEuropeans. Translation and Introduction by R. D. Craig.2nd ed. Hawaii: Brigham Young University.Beaglehole, J. C.,ed. 1967. He Journal of Capt James Cook onhis Voyage ofDiscovery. Hakluyt Society Serie XVXVI,Cambridge.Vol. 16 (2) October 20023Wallin and Solsvik: The Marae Temple Grounds in the Society Islands, French Polynesia:Published by Kahualike, 2002PERSONALWln.ASP CA Scattel1lrnm,Marne & Landscape, Wlndwanl Islands,Type.s, run 2.oU.2.'o2 ••••e11 •e1'.1•O· eIt 1.e11 1e1 110 eo•.l.t .•e11 •LARGE SIZE~-------,~----'CLOSETOSEASTEPPED TYPESlarge, stepped marae with few or no uprights,located on beach/shore and frequently on POints,oriented towards the seae""'.1.o 0.,mediumllarge marae stepped in two steps withhigh uprights or Without uprights, located oncoastal plane, often near valley mouth or atbays along the coast, to some extent orientedinlande1I.J• t.' 11.J 0 e1J I 0 .8 5.1 'ISn,sO • '.1.JlI·~O162 . J 1,12 0.zO~ 01.11 2.10 ]"'" ".1.] •. ,] e e Orentation ofmarae and Types11.' • landscape zones, locations and features:................. Ahu construction and size (sq, m) (after Wallin 1993)o Variables from Wallin 1993small/medium marae locatedupper and lower valley, orientedtowards rivers and hills, uprightsin courtyard, some with ahuoIt.l.t801ltO·11 ..o ..;•.• 11small marae, no ahuand no enclosureType 1smalVmedium marae,located on coastalplateau and towardsthe valley mouth,oriented inland,uprights on, back andin front of ahuType 2 and 3SMALL SIZEINTERIORSIMPLE TYPESFigure 7. Correspondence analysis, Windward I lands.Davie, J. 1991. A Tahitian and English Dictionary with Intro-ductory Remarks on the Polynesian Language and a ShortGrammar of the Tahitian Dialect: with an Appendix.Originally printed in 1851, at the London Missionary Soci-ety's Press, Papeete, Tahiti. (1991 edition, Tahiti).Ellis, W. 1830. Polynesian Researches. Vol. 1. London.Emory, K. P., 1933: Stone Remains in the Society Islands.Honolulu: Bernice P. Bi hop Museum Bulletin 116.Ferdon, E. N. 1981. Early Tahiti as the Explorers Saw it; 1767-1797. Tucson: University of Arizona Pre s.Green, R. C., K. Green, R. A Rappaport, A. Rappaport and J.David on. 1967. Archaeology on the Island of Mo'orea,French Polyne ia. Anthropological Papers of the AmericanMuseum ofNatural History 51(2). New York.Handy, E. S. C. 1923. The Native Culture in the Marquesas.Bishop Museum Bulletin 9 / Bayard Dominick ExpeditionPublication Number 9, Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Mu-seum Press.Handy, E. S. C. 1927. Polynesian Religion. Honolulu: BerniceP. Bishop Museum Bulletin 34.Handy, E. S. C. 1932. Houses, Boats, and Fishing in the Soci-ety Islands. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin90.Henry, T. 1928. Ancient Tahiti. Honolulu: Bernice P. BishopMuseum Bulletin 48.Kirch P. V. 1996. Tikopia Social Space Revisited. OceanicCulture History. Essays in Honour ofRoger Green. J.David on, G. Irwin, F. Leach, A. Pawley and D. Browned . :257- 274. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Spe-cial Publication.Ladefoged, T. N. 1998. Spatial Similarities and Change in Ha-waiian Architecture: The Expression of Ritual Offeringand Kapu in Luakini Heiau, Re idential Complexes andHouses, Asian Perspectives 37:59-73.Parkinson, S. 1773. Journal ofa Voyage to the South Seas....London: Dilly and Phillips.Sinoto, Y. H. 1996: Mata'ire'a Hill, Huabine: A Unique Prehi -toric Settlement and a Hypothetical Sequence of maraeDevelopment in the Society I lands. Oceanic Culture His-tory. Essays in Honour ofRoger Green. J. David on, G.Irwin, F. Leach, A. Pawley and D. Brown, eds: New Zea-land Journal of Archaeology Special Publication.Turnbull, J. 1813. A Voyage around the World in the Years1800-1804. London: A. Maxwell.Wallin, P. 1993. Ceremonial Stone Structures. The Archae-ology and Ethnohistory of the Marae Complex in the Soci-ety Islands, French Polynesia. Ph.D. Dissertation, Upp alaUniversity. Aun 18. Uppsala.Rapa Nui Journal 73 Vol. 16 (2) October 20024Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation, Vol. 16 [2002], Iss. 2, Art. 3https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol16/iss2/3

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