VGOS radio telescopes enable observations
in the range of 2-14 GHz and are much more receptive
for unwanted radio frequency interference. Some
space-borne transmitters may cause detrimental radiation
to VGOS receivers. The registration of new VGOS
sites at ITU is important to obtain administrative protection.
This may help to avoid direct illumination by
strong radars, as well as provide protection in the dedicated
RAS bands from lower-level interference that
degrades system sensitivity. This article introduces the
risk of damage and explains the registration procedur

Corey, Brian

Hase,Hayo

TORNATORE, VINCENZA

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How to Register a VGOS Radio Telescope at ITU and Why ItIs ImportantHayo Hase1, Vincenza Tornatore2, Brian Corey3Abstract VGOS radio telescopes enable observationsin the range of 2–14 GHz and are much more recep-tive for unwanted radio frequency interference. Somespaceborne transmitters may cause detrimental radia-tion to VGOS receivers. The registration of new VGOSsites at ITU is important for obtaining administrativeprotection. This may help to avoid direct illuminationby strong radars. This paper introduces the risk of dam-age and explains the registration procedure.Keywords VGOS, spectrum management, RFI, SARradar, ITU registration1 The Problem: Satellite Signals areStrongVGOS radio telescopes with wideband feeds are recep-tive to radiation at least in the spectral range between2 and 14 GHz. In this range we find some very smallspectral bands which are protected for radio astronomyuse, but the majority is used by other (commercial andmilitary) applications.Radio frequency interference (RFI) is a threat toVLBI observations, because affected observations willnot produce fringes in the correlation or will result inlower SNR and hence less accuracy.If a detected RFI source is local, that means it islocated at the observatory site, and it should be possi-ble to identify and eliminate its origin (e.g., a WLAN1. Bundesamt fu¨r Kartographie und Geoda¨sie2. Politecnico di Milano3. MIT Haystack Observatorydevice). If the RFI source is external, it can be eitherground based (e.g., telecommunication transceiver) orspace based (e.g., satellite transmitter). RFI can bepicked up by the antenna sidelobes or by accidentallypointing directly at the RFI source.Problematic RFI signals have much higher powerlevels than the expected quasar radiation for which thevery sensitive wideband receivers are built. In generalstrong radio signals have to be avoided in the receptionin order not to damage the receiver amplification chain,in particular, the low-noise amplifier (LNA), which isthe first and most sensitive amplifier following the an-tenna feed. Wideband VGOS radio telesope systemsare much more exposed to unwanted RFI radiation thanthe narrow band legacy S/X systems.During recent years satellite based radars be-came popular in Earth Exploration Satellite Systems(EESS). Table 1 lists some satellite missions withstrong transmitters. Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR),which have some of the highest power transmitters,use microwaves to map the Earth, independent ofcloud coverage. Applying interferometry to radarimages of different epochs, areal deformations can bemade visible.In order to coordinate the use of the mi-crowave spectrum among space agencies, theSpace Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG)was founded. Its mission statement reads: “SFCGis the pre-eminent radio-frequency collegiate ofSpace Agencies and related national and interna-tional organizations through which global spacesystems spectrum resources are judiciously hus-banded for the benefit of humanity.” (Read more athttps://www.sfcgonline.org/About/default.aspx).At the conference SFCG-31 document SF31-9DR1on the “Potential Damage to RAS Sites by EESS (Ac-6566 Hase et al.Table 1 Overview of satellite missions with active sensors in theVGOS wideband frequency range of 2–14 GHz (excerpt fromTable 4 in [2]).FrequencyBandBand-widthMissions carrying spaceborne activetransmitters[GHz] [MHz] SARAlti-meterScattero-meterPrecipi-tationradar3.100–3.300 200 ALMAZ • • •5.250–5.570 320Radarsat,ERS,Envisat,RISAT,Sentinel-1Topex,JasonERS-2,MetOp•9.500–9.800 300Cosmo-SkyMed,TerraSAR-X• • •13.250–13.750500 •Topex,Jason,ERS,En-visatQuikSCAT,EnvisatTRMMtive)” [2] was presented by NASA, providing calcula-tions of the power levels received from EESS transmit-ters vis-a`-vis damaging power levels given in ReportITU-R RA.2188 [4]. The SFCG-31 report [2] com-pares the power flux density (PFD) levels of EESS withthe damage levels for radio astronomy receiving sys-tems (Table 2). The Radio Astronomy Services (RAS)damage level is determined by the most sensitive tele-scopes, typically 100 m in diameter.Satellite radiation has the potential to damage thereceiver LNAs at large radio telescopes, as seen by thenegative RAS margins in three of the four cases in Ta-ble 2.The VGOS radio telescope reflectors are typically13.2 m in diameter and therefore less sensitive thana 100-m RAS telescope. With a VGOS antennaefficiency of about 80%—versus 50% of legacysystems—the PFD threshold for VGOS radio tele-scopes can be calculated to be −40 dB(W/m2) insteadof −60 dB(W/m2) for 100-m radio telescopes, wherean LNA damage threshold of 10 mW is assumed inboth cases. The calculation of PFD VGOS damagelevel PFDdlVGOS for a 13.2-m radio telescope is:Table 2 Comparison of typical EESS power flux densities at theEarth’s surface with RAS and VGOS damage thresholds (excerptfrom Table 8 in [2] with information added for VGOS).Parameter Sensor typeSAR AltimeterScattero-meterPrecipita-tion radarRadiated power[W]4400 20 4000 1013Antenna gain[dB]36.4 43.3 34 47.7Orbital altitude[km]225 1396 785 400Incidence angle[deg]21 0 32 0PFD[dB/(W/m2)]−45.8 −77.2 −50.4 −45.3RAS PFDdamage level[dB/(W/m2)]−60 −60 −60 −60Margin RAS –14.2 +17.2 –9.6 –14.7VGOS PFDdamage level[dB/(W/m2)]−40 −40 −40 −40Margin VGOS +5.8 +37.2 +10.2 +5.3PFDdlVGOS =PdlLNAAe=PdlLNAηA ·pi ·R2=0.01W109m2= 0.000091 =−40dB(W/m2)wherePdlLNA is the LNA input power that causes damageAe is the effective area of the radio telescopeηA is the antenna efficiency ∼0.8R is the radio telescope radius.The VGOS threshold level of −40 dB(W/m2) isfortunately above the EESS radiation level, i.e., theVGOS margins in the last line of Table 2 are all posi-tive. But some of the margins are small. There will bea potential danger if future radar systems are equippedwith stronger transmitters or flown at lower altitude.These margins are estimated assuming the satel-lite and VGOS antennas point directly at each other.While such an occurrence is unlikely, the consequencesof even a momentary mutual alignment of their beamswould be serious if the satellite PFD exceeded the LNAdamage threshold. It is not necessary for a VGOS an-tenna to track a satellite to cause a problem. Even mo-mentary exposure when a satellite passes through a sta-tionary VGOS beam or when a VGOS antenna pointsat a satellite as it slews from one source to anotherIVS 2016 General Meeting ProceedingsHow to Register a VGOS Radio Telescope at ITU 67could damage the LNA. For example, a satellite at500 km altitude will pass through the main beam ofa stationary VGOS antenna in 0.1 to 1 second, depend-ing on frequency. That time scale is long comparedwith typical LNA thermal time constants. As a resultthe LNA will suffer as much damage as if the exposurelasted much longer.EESS have typical repetition periods of two daysto two weeks. That means that the VGOS observato-ries are being observed again and again from space andhence exposed to radiation from satellites. In order tominimize the risk of losing VLBI observations or even-tually receiving equipment, it is advised to register theVGOS radio telescope at the International Telecommu-nication Union (ITU).The ITU-Regulation RA.2188 report [4] lists twooptions for avoiding LNA damage: (a) blanking satel-lite transmitters so they do not transmit toward RASsites and (b) not allowing a VGOS radio telescope tobe pointed at a satellite transmitter. The latter optionis neither implemented yet at stations, where most of-ten the survival position is the zenith position, nor inthe VGOS scheduling process, which could check forsatellites crossing the line of sight of the radio tele-scope. A third option is adding diode limiters at theLNA input to limit the voltage seen by the active com-ponents. Whether this is feasible for a specific LNAwill depend on its characteristics.Space agencies are using the ITU list of radio tele-scope sites for planning of their observation scheduleand may respect or even get in contact with a radiotelescope site, if a space maneuver will illuminate a ra-dio telescope site. If a VGOS radio telescope site isnot listed as sensitive receiving infrastructure at ITU,it might be difficult to claim losses due to RFI or tocomplain to the responsible space agency.2 A Partial Solution: Get Registered at ITUThe ITU is the United Nations specialized agencyfor information and communication technologies. Itis allocating global radio spectra and satellite orbitsand developing the technical standards that ensure thatnetworks and technologies seamlessly interconnect.The administrations operating radio astronomy sta-tions may register them with the RadiocommunicationBureau (RB) of ITU.Fig. 1 Artist’s view of a damaged frontend of a radio telescopebeing hit by too strong transmission power of a SAR transmitter.It is important to point out that at the ITU the (pas-sive) radio astronomy service is recognized with an of-ficial status. There is no geodetic VLBI service knownat ITU. Although the IVS programs observe quasarsprimarily for geodetic applications with geodetic ob-servatories, from the perspective of the ITU it is a radioastronomy service.ITU is used to dealing with dedicated portions ofspectral ranges over the entire electromagnetic spec-trum [1]. The VGOS frequency range from 2 to 14GHz is full of such portions of spectral bands. Eachband has allocated primary and secondary uses. Radioastronomy services have some allocated spectral bandsas primary in which astronomers are observing spectrallines of atoms and molecules in the universe. Those al-located bands for RAS are protected and should not beinterfered by other users, not even by out-of-band emis-sions of transmitters from adjacent bands. The RASbands are usually different from those of the EESS.Unfortunately, VGOS came up too late to claim theentire 2–14 GHz range for the exclusive use of VLBI.It is only possible to register a new site for the existingportions of bands allocated for RAS, which fall into the2–14 GHz range.As the VGOS range covers many RAS bands,VGOS radio telescopes may be registered as RASsites. A registered RAS site should then be protectedfrom strong signals according to RAS bands and otherbands where footnotes in the regulations apply in favorof RAS.11 Although protected, the trend of using the limited number ofavailable bands is band-sharing. In regions where there is no suit-able RAS observatory, the protected bands might be made avail-IVS 2016 General Meeting Proceedings68 Hase et al.Registration of radio astronomy stations (VGOSobservatories) must take place through the telecommu-nications authority of the national administrations. Therequired characteristics of the radio astronomy station(kinematic and receiving parameters) are described inAnnex 2 of Appendix 4 of the Radio Regulations (RR)[3]. Before starting the registration process the mostrecent version of the RR should be consulted, becauseparts of them are continuously updated according to theoutcome of the World Radio Conferences (WRC).The advantages of being registered are:1. Several footnotes in the Radio Regulations pro-vide protection to radio astronomy stations fromunwanted emissions by satellites.2. Examining a satellite system for compliancewith footnotes, the Radiocommunication Bureauwill consider only registered radio astronomyobservatories.3. Establishing a chronological priority for the reg-istered station. It may claim protection from un-wanted emissions of satellite systems filed for op-eration in adjacent or nearby bands at a later date.4. Producing awareness of the national authoritiesabout your protection-worthy RAS.However, registering with ITU is far from a fullsolution, because it protects stations only in the RASbands, but EESS generally transmit outside the RASbands. Therefore the previously mentioned option (b)of not allowing a VGOS radio telescope to be pointedat a satellite transmitter should also be considered forVGOS network stations. This requires information onthe geographical locations of the satellite beam groundtracks (or on satellite positions if the emission is at aconstant nadir direction). This information is availableat the space agencies which operate the satellites. If thesatellite transmission cannot be stopped over a VGOSsite, we propose that satellite operators study the feasi-able to other users. Band-sharing is not only restricted to regions,but also in time. If an observatory does not observe, the protectedbands might be used otherwise.bility of providing a 24h/7d dedicated beam alert sys-tem service which may interact directly with the an-tenna control unit of the VGOS radio telescope to avoiddetrimental illuminations.3 SummaryThe ITU registration gives administrative protection.The following steps are necessary:• Contact your national telecommunication adminis-tration.• Supply to the national authority the information re-quired for the ITU registration of the VGOS radiotelescope according to the recent Radiocommuni-cation Regulations.• Check via the national telecommunication admin-istration about the successful registration at ITU.For protection against detrimental illuminations ofVGOS radio telescopes by satellite radar systems, wepropose to study the feasibility of a satellite beam mon-itoring system service that could be provided by thesatellite operating space agencies.References1. Handbook on Radio Astronomy, 3rd edition, Radiocommu-nication Bureau, ITU, 2013.2. NASA: Potential Damage to RAS sites by EESS(Active), (SFCG Action Item 30/8), SFCG-31, San Francisco, CA, USA, 7-15 June 2011https://www.sfcgonline.org/Public%20Documents/SF31-09DR1.pdf.3. Radio Regulations Appendices, ITU, 2012.4. Power flux-density and e.i.r.p. levels potentially dam-aging to radio astronomy receivers, Report ITU-RRA.2188, (10/2010) RA Series, Radio astronomyhttps://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-RA.2188-2010.IVS 2016 General Meeting Proceedings

How to register a VGOS radio telescope at ITU and why it is important

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How to register a VGOS radio telescope at ITU and why it is important

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