This fact sheet is to provide up-to-date information supported 
by scientific evidence on the importance of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) 
in aquatic food systems of Bangladesh to support all relevant 
stakeholders to engage in interventions and actions to minimize 
AMU and promote One Health initiatives through responsible 
and sustainable aquaculture practices

Delamare-Deboutteville, Jerome

Mohan, Chadag V.

Rheman, Shafiq

CGSpace

FACT SHEETAntimicrobial resistance (AMR): A major challenge for the aquaculture industry in BangladeshWhat is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and why is it a problem? AMR occurs when microorganisms are able to resist the inhibition or killing effects of medicines that are used to treat the infection they cause. Inappropriate use of antibacterials is driving the development of AMRFigure 1. Demonstrating the consequences of AMR for the health of humans, animals and their shared environment.Emergence of MDR strainsPeople EnvironmentOrganismsCommon infections hard to treatProlonged medical staysHigher medical costsIncreased food insecurityAdverse impact on livelihoodsIncreased mortalityDrug treatment failuresBioaccumulation of residuesColonization by drug resistant organismsHotspots of AMR development and spreadAlteration of biodiversityEmergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strainsDriving bacterial evolutionMicrobiome community changeAntimicrobial use (AMU) in Bangladesh aquacultureAntibiotics are being used to prevent and treat diseases in aquatic organisms in Bangladesh despite many major prevalent diseases not being caused by bacteria, such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in many finfish and tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in tilapia.Lack of diagnosis, knowledge and a clear understanding of the risk factors associated with AMU may lead to the development of AMR pathogens.Antibiotics only treat bacterial infectionsTotal of 21 antibiotic compounds are used in aquaculture1Erythromycin (52%) and Oxytetracycline (44%) are commonly used to treat fish diseases2,3Majority of shrimp hatcheries use antibiotics and disinfectants4A shrimp hatchery on average uses  80 kg of antimicrobials per production cycle5Poor control of antimicrobial sale and use Limited public health care facilitiesPoor knowledge and awareness of antimicrobial use Weak disease surveillance system and diagnosticsIncreasing demand for food production Deficient environmental protection policiesContributing factors of AMRAMR is particularly of concern to low- and middle-income countries because of the following6,7,8:What is needed to reduce AMU and AMR in aquacultureEmbedding a One Health approach into aquatic food production could help to tackle the AMR burden. One Health in aquaculture is a multisectoral and transdisciplinary approach that recognizes the interconnection of the health and well-being of humans, farmed organisms and their shared environment.• Better management practices at all steps of fish production• Surveillance and early detection of diseases• Improved farm hygiene, biosecurity and quarantine measures• Use of specific pathogen-free seeds• Alternative solutions to antibiotics, such as probiotics, prebiotics, autogenous vaccines, immunostimulants, etc.• Strengthening governance related to AMU and AMR in aquaculture• Greater AMR awareness campaigns among farmers, regulators, veterinarians, consumers, etc.How AMR can emerge, persist and transmit in aquaculture?Use of antimicrobials and agrochemicals can promote the development of AMR. Resistant bacteria can easily spread through animal-environment-human interfacesFigure 2. AMU and spread of AMR bacteria from aquaculture to aquatic organisms, the environment and humans.Therapeutic AMU Metaphylactic AMU Prophylactic AMUAMU in aquacultureAMU in aquaculture can drive development of resistance in bacteriaAMR bacteria can enter food from a contaminated environment or vice versaEnvironmentRelease of AMR bacteria in environment through different routes, e.g. discharge of aquaculture effluentTransfer of AMR bacteria to humans from contaminated environment, e.g. being exposed to contaminated waterAquatic species contaminated with resistant bacteria Transmission of AMR bacteria to humans through consumption or handling of infected aquatic foodsHumanFoodHumanAquaculture farmHuman to human transfer of AMR bacteriaOur work to address AMR in Bangladesh aquacultureIn an effort to reduce AMU and AMR in Bangladesh’s aquatic food systems, WorldFish teamed up with the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) from the UK government, the Fleming Fund, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the University of Exeter. These organizations are working closely together with national competent authorities, research institutions, farmers and other stakeholders to understand AMU, promote AMR awareness, develop AMR surveillance for aquaculture and build personal capacity for AMR testing in labs.1. The UK FAO Reference Centre for AMR (UKRC) and WorldFish are supporting laboratory capacity building to undertake AMR surveillance of fish and shrimp samples from wet markets and aquaculture farms in Bangladesh. 2. Funded by the Official Development Assistance (ODA) aid program of the UK government, WorldFish and Cefas recently completed a project called Embedding One Health to Support Aquatic Food Production during COVID-19. One aim of the project was to support AMR surveillance capability and develop educational tools to promote One Health aquaculture in Bangladesh.93. WorldFish was the implementing partner of two UK-funded research projects on the microbial dynamics of disease within Bangladeshi aquaculture and on the disease management practices on farms and in hatcheries. An AMR workshop funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council under the cross UK Research Council’s Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance program was held on February 12–13, 2019, in Dhaka, Bangladesh.4. WorldFish is supporting the Fleming Fund’s Grant and Fellowship Program in Bangladesh, which aims to contribute to the overall effort to support Bangladesh’s AMR strategy in aquaculture by developing a series of standard operating procedures for sample collection, processing and AMR testing.105. ILRI, IFPRI, IWMI and WorldFish will jointly implement the ‘’One CGIAR Initiative on Protecting Human Health Through a One Health Approach” on AMR issues in Bangladesh aquatic food systems over the next 3 years.Purpose This fact sheet is to provide up-to-date information supported by scientific evidence on the importance of AMU and AMR in aquatic food systems of Bangladesh to support all relevant stakeholders to engage in interventions and actions to minimize AMU and promote One Health initiatives through responsible and sustainable aquaculture practices.AcknowledgmentsThis research was conducted as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems (FISH) led by WorldFish and as part of the CGIAR initiative Protecting Human Health Through a One Health Approach, which are both supported by contributors to the CGIAR Trust Fund (https://www.cgiar.org/funders/).CitationThis publication should be cited as: Rheman S, Delamare-Deboutteville J and Mohan CV. 2022. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR): A major challenge for the aquaculture industry in Bangladesh. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. Fact Sheet: 2022-02.Creative Commons LicenseContent in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-commercial use, including reproduction, adaptation and distribution of the publication provided the original work is properly cited. © 2022 WorldFish.For more information, please visit www.worldfishcenter.orgFunded byFor further information1 Lulijwa R et al. 2019. Antibiotic use in aquaculture, policies and regulation, health and environmental risks: A review of the top 15 major producers. Reviews in Aquaculture 1–24.2 Kawsar MA et al. 2019. Aqua drugs and antibiotics used in freshwater aquaculture of North Chittagong, Bangladesh. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 7:28–34.3 Rahman MZ et al. 2017. Aqua drugs and chemicals used in fish farms of Comilla regions. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 5(6):2462–73.4 Uddin SA and Kader MA. 2006. The use of antibiotics in shrimp hatcheries in Bangladesh. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 1(1):64–67.5 Hinchliffe S et al. 2018. The AMR problem: Demanding economies, biological margins, and co-producing alternative strategies. Palgrave Communications 4:142.6 Byarugaba DK. 2004. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 24(2):105–10.7 Argudín MA et al. 2017. Bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 6(2):12.8 Production without medicalization. 2019. Workshop on AMR, One Health and Aquaculture, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 12–13, 2019.9 Hossain ZZ et al. 2021. Bangladesh safe and sustainable aquatic food project workshop: Embedding One Health to Support Aquatic Food Production during COVID-19. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. Workshop Report. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12348/497710 Urmi U et al. 2021. Quick protocol for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in aquatic animal species from aquaculture and fisheries. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12348/4862

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR): A major challenge for the aquaculture industry in Bangladesh

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR): A major challenge for the aquaculture industry in Bangladesh

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