田中, 義麿

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家譲の絹総腺研究橡報?中 義 麿PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE SILK GLANDS OF BOMBYX MORI. Y OSHil¥fARO TANAKA. Se的 ullttralLαborat即 yuf the CollegeザAgricult旬re,Tohoku Imperial University. In my I℃田川市1dieson the silk glands of the domestic silkworm ( Bomb仰'llori) I come to conclusions di貨＜？ringgreatly from those of previous authors. I will enumerate in the following pages the chief points obtained. 1) There are two pairs of lo時白lendermuscles standing in relation to the silk glands. A pair of these muscles attaches to the middle division I)' and the other to the pりsteriordivi白ionof the glands. They tie up various parts of the silk gland日bymeans of connective tissue tendons. As it appears to me, they乱ffordin this way an important sen也eto give to the glands the certain fashion of its loop-ings and co肝 olutions. Concerning their histological nature, the silk g~ands them-selves aI町 incontrast to the remarks made by A. LENTICCHIA汽 not muscular at any rate. 2) Nurnero田 trachealtubes of various sizes stand in connection with the middle and the posterior division, but not with the anterior division at al. These trache乱ltub~s not only supply air to the secretory cels, but they are subserved in 1) In the silk gland there are generally distinguished four parts, respectively named fili色re,excretory tube, reservoir and secreting tube, aceording to the physiological function of each part which is so assumed. As wil, however, be田enin future pages, this a朗日mptionis partly incorect. I prefer, therefore, the terms ante, i昨， middleand p倒terim・ di vision for last three parts, while the term 品Ii色reis retained. 2) Bolletti陶 diS町 isolt,u’a.Anno XIII, No. 46, pp 468, 1906. 20 田中一家置の絹糸腺研究環報supporting the glands so制 tofi玄 themin their positions. They prneterate deep into the bodies of the gland-cells, piercing through the tunicn propria. In the first step of this penetration，色hepropria, which is highly elastie, is not bored, as one might presume, by the pushing force of the growing tips of tra('heffi; but this elastic lamella is di自solved,in points of contact with the tracheal tips, by some enzyme subst乱n田 secretedfrom the latter. The tracheal t川）eswhich penetrated the glands branch repeatedly, to be at last divided into finest capillaries, which 自howno trace of tamidia and are lost in free termination within the cytoplasm ; in this way, they become distributed everywhere in the 四II-bodies. In spite of my efforts, no traces of socalled“Tracheenkapillarendnetz" by WrsTINGHAUSEN l) have been observed. Every ecdysis i日precededby a formation of a new series of tおnidiacoming into view immediately beneath the peritoneal cels. Therefore, on cross sections through the gland in this stage, the old t鉛nidianring is revealed inside a new one. Furthermore not unfrequently, double rings of old toonidia surrounded with a new ring are seen. 3) Contrarily to the obs2rvation by G. JosEPH2¥ there is found no tr日間 of nerve自前乱ndingin connection with the silk gland自・ The com1ective tisue,.; and tracheal tubes, ramifi叫 tionsof which乱rein close resemblance to nerve fibres, ure ・ probable to be mistaken for nerves. 4) Tunica intim乱 inthe anterior division i自乱 continuouslayer provided with 草川 radial striations. The spiral markings are observed, on the intima of the middle division, by some previous乱uthors; but・ their peculiar condition in the posterior di vision is, ,:o far as I am aware, yet noticed by nonP. The spiral markings on the intima are regular in arrangement and run 'in parallel in the middle division, and is gradl凶lydisturbed t；仰nrdsthe hin so that they目reconverted into乱 net-forn】 mar1王ings.5) In the silken column contained in the gland-lumen are disti時 uishablotwo distinct layers, the sericin and the fibroin・Viewsof previous authors concerning the silk form叫ionor the production of the sericin and fibroin are widely divergent from one another. BoLLEY’s view may be looked upon as having totally been abandoned. GILSON’s "selection＇’ theory 3J appears also to be hardly intelligible. The 1). 0. v. Wistinghausen: Trache岨 endigungenin den Sericterien der Raupen. Zeit.~chr. f. wi,s. 1あol.XLIX, 1890. FP 565‘582. 2〕.G. Joseph: Vorliiu世geMitteilung liber Innervation und Entwickelung der Spinnorg.胡 enbei In配kten.Zool • .A附 eig.1880. pp 326-328. 3). G. Gilson: Recherches sur l剖 celulessecretautes. La soie et appareils sericigenes. La celhde. 1890, 1893. PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE SILK GLANDS OF BOMBYX MORI. 21 vic•ws ge問 rallyaccepted at pr朗entarc the followi時 two:1) the白br司oinis 白em噌etedfrom the poste1旬rdivi自ion，乱ndtheふericinfrom tl】emiddle divi自ion(HABERLANDT l) ， LIDTH DE JEUDEヘMAIL叫LOthe middle division b）ア rnmcchemical changes performed in the periphery of the fibroin ma崎， whichis Fecreted 仕omthe pos伽 iordivision (BLANC 4), SILBERMANNの，etc.). Both these views are, as I believe, occasioned by failure in deteeting the sericin in the posterior division. On the contrary, I have made out, in fact, the distinct s(•ricin cover surrounding the fibroin column in the di vision in question, especially in the individuals fixed just a丘era moult. Fixed matei匂lreveals not unfrequently an irregular lay乱rof the fibroin covering the関ricinring ; furthermore, the五broinlayer is connected by its proee円seswith the gland-wall, a faet whieh affords undis-putab1e円 ideneein proving the fibroin seer叫ionof the middl肝division. From the ぬctsubon mentioned, I will be p2rmitted to draw theゐBowing conclusions in reg1ml the silk formation: the fibroin is secreted not only from the posterior divisiou, but also合omthe middle diYision, and that the seriein is transformed from the fibroin itself under influence of the air in the lumen of the gland. The chem-ieal change内 inquestion occur usually in the middle division ; howeYer, the pro府内内 takeplace al針。 inthe posterior diYision, as this i吋 observablein ct>rtain peri0<ls. The n付ualab鴻neeof the scricin in the latkr di,ri,ion is due to the transportation of the fibroin which is carried on, in tlrn p仔riodof active向：ecretion,RO quickly that the fibroin secreted escapes the chemical chang耐 th('rein.。nthe other hand, the sericin is formed abnudantl）ア intlie middle division simply because the fibroin column stays liei唱 foran h1terval of time ample to undergo the chemical action in its peripheral part, being as it were, Rl対ainetlby the suridenly narrowed pas,:a貯 fromthe di vision in question into the anterior di vision.。nthe contrary, in the case of inactive secretion, as it happe1凶 not unf1・eqnently in iudividu乱lswhich have jn月t五nish円da moult,・ the fibroin naturally does not quickly leave the 1) :F. Haberlandt: Der Seidenspinner des Maulhecrbanmes，同ineAnzucht und Krankhcitcn. Wien. 1871. 2〕Lidthde Jeude: Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Spinndriisen der Seidenraupe. Zoοl. Anzeig. 1878. pp 100 102. 日〕 E.Maillot et F. Lambert: Traite snr le ver a削 iedu murier et sur le nmrier. Montpellier. 1906. 4) L. Blanc: Etude snr la secretion de la制ieet la structure des brin et de la have dans le Bomliyw問。γi.Lyon. 1889. 5) H. Silbermann: Die Seide. Dresden. 1897. 22 問中一家震の組系旅研究霊長報pla田 secreted,so that it satisfactorily undergo四 thereinthe transf-ormation into the sericin. In this way we find, in the posterior division, the sericin layer covering . ，ぞthe fibroin ma:~. 、6) As to the motive of shifti時ゐrwardsthe silken column in the lumen of the・ gland, there is no intelligible view advanced by previous authors. Soml' authors ascribe this partly to the action of f'O-called fli色開 inthe spinneret and partly to the ・ blood pm唖sure. The silken column in the gland-lumen, however, is not a剖lidbody, but nothing more than a viscous fluid; then, the first h札Ifof this view self-evidently lo蜘 iぉpower; the second half is unintelligible, because・ the pre捌 reof blood, which slowly flows backwards in the so-called body cavity of caterpillar, may not act as motive pressing forwαrds the secrete臥 Inmy opinion, the motive force in que品ionis quite different. Numerous air-bubbles are seen in the interior of the silken column, and a large air-re舵rvoiris found between the inner wall of the secretory cells and the central silken column, a fact w hiclt is so striking that it may not be overlookd at any rate. This enormous amount ,of air is doubtless brought in by tracheal passages which give it off within the Cl'll-bodies from their free terminatおns;therein the air is drivC'n into the gland-lumen, where it becomes accumulated to pre昂ervea conside1叫）le pres,m re. The po.~tr・rior end of the gland being totally blind, thいpressureuctH on the silki>n column，円。 thatthis force is utilized to shift forw乱rdsthL、latter.7) The ante1 io1・ di ・,ibion is not rxduded仕0凶 the.,;il←prod ucti仙 pbut secret刊，in tlie em bryonal Rt乱gc,-,rnme silken 丑uid,a;, in the other two divisions, although the silk白刊retionis entirely ginn of, when the叶ubryohatches out, to be followed by secretion of the chitinous substance which rnak刊 upthe exceedingly tl1ick mtuna. 8) During the first age, the 肘II-nuclei 札renearly uniform in shape and白izethroughout the whole ('xtent of the色ilkgland : they vary from roundish to ellipsoid. Fu1 kation of nuclei app印 rsfor the first time early in the S2('0ld age in the ant<>rior di vi:,;ion, bPing not coincident with tlw ob~ervation by HEL)t. .)9) In lutC'r吋tagesof the l川口1life, the 山 cleiof the a山•rior di vision distinctly difler t』om thosc of the other diYisiorn, in microscopical features : in the former part they are slen<ler, homogeneous, non-granulated and lむs.ramified, while in the latter part they乱remassi，刊 ron；~hly granulated and complicatedly branched. 1) F. E. Helm: Ueher die向pinndrii柑nder Lepidopt<•ren. Zeit8cl1'. f. wi:制.・ Zoοl. XXVI. 1876. pp 41'-169. ーで，＝.；，，合・-. PRELIMINARY NOTE ON', THE SILK GLANI潟 OFBOMBYX MORI. 23 10) (faHtious・measurementshows‘that the silk-produ.cing s目白田 ofthe silk gland自isabsolutely smaller in Japanese ra田stha且 in Euro酔a1qhowewer, consid町redin proportion to their body-weight, it is much greater in the former races as compared with the latter. This fact is seen in an 四回llentparallel with the r郎ultsby the physiologicalexperiment undertakenin the Tokyo Sericultural Insti-tute : this experiment shows that the European ・Silkworms are，伽 agiven quantity of mulberry-leaf supply, much inferior to the Japanese in respect加 thecocoon-and silk-production. My work is not cl06€d, but is being rarried on and extended to the silk glands of some other白ilk-producinginsects, which are ne乱rlyallied to Bombyx mori. The complete work will soon appear in a future paper. 一～、摘 要昨年以来、予は家輩の絹綿腺に就きて研究し、多少従来の皐説と異な bたる結果を得た b。今下氏其の概要を摘録せん。1）綿腺と連繋するこ艶の使長筋あれ其ーは中部締腺 lζ 蓮なれ他は綿腺の後端ik附着す、共に其末端数多の小枝に岐れ、結締組織4を以℃訴腺の・ tuni倒 propriaと連絡すO 此筋肉は綜腺屈曲の方式と重要なる関係を有するもの、如 L0 2）中部並に綾部総腺には、種令の太 ~t 有する無数の気管来 b 附着せ b、但前部総腺は金〈気管と蓮繋を有せず。此等の気管は分泌細胞に空気を供給すると共に、締腺を其位置に固定するの作用を乗ねるものな b。気管は腺の外膜を貫きて深〈細胞中に穿入す、其進入するに方 bては気管の突端よ b分泌する一種の enzymeによ b外膜の接鯛部を溶解するものなるべ〈、機械的作用によ b℃之を突破るにあらずO 侵入せる気管は細胞内に在 bて幾同も分岐し、遂に輸：24 問中一家賓の絹糸腺研究橡報環を有せぎる細微の毛細管と在 bて終るo WISTING HAUSEN の所謂"'l'racheenka pillarendnetz" ／ま如何在る方法によ bても之を接見する乙と能はぎ 9亘。蛇皮に方 bては、気管皮膜細胞と蓄輪環との聞に新輸環を形成すO 此時期の耕、腺の断面に於て気管中に二重の輸環を認、む与は之が鋳君 9.叉一個の新環中re二個の嘗環を認むる之と稀在らず。3) G. JOSEPH は綜腺に分布せる紳経に就きて記載じたれcも、予は種。の方法によれ斯〈の加さ紳経の存一在せぎる之とを確めた b。町して綜腺に附着せる結締組織、気管の末梢等は一見紳経締に酷似せ上是或は氏が紳将．と誤信せるものにはあらざるか。4) Tunica intim乱は前部に於ては甚厚くして輯射方向 lと走れる組jき僚紋を有すO 中部代在 bては其表面に和規則正しき平行仇傑紋を見るも、此の平行線状紋は後方に向以て漸究不規則となれ後部綿腺に至れば其傾向盆 φ甚しし遂に全く網朕紋に移行するものとすO5）綜腺内陸に存在する絹綿物質は紙質及び腰質の二部よち成る。此二物質の生成に闘しては、諸皐者の説匝令にし℃始蹄着する j可を知らず。就中、勝質が絹綜吐出後、体外に於て生成せらると唱へたるBoLLEYの設は今日、何人も之を信ずるものなく.GILSONの淘汰設亦甚だ首肯し難 LO 而して現今最汎〈行はる L は次の二設とす、即ち綜質は綾部ょ b、膝質は中部よれ}JI］φに分泌せらると錦すものと、締質は綾部よ b分泌せられ、腰質は中部に於て綿質の表面酸化して生じ、中部は分協力を有せずと錯すもの是在 b。然るに予の管見を以てすれば、雨設共に綾部に於て膝質を接見し得2-"9 しに出てたる謬設に外在らずO 予は或時期の意見』（就きて、綾部氏於ける膝質の存在を確認し得たるのみならず、他方に於ては中部が紙質分地の作用を有するととも亦疑よ、可からざる誼跡あれ是は於て予は戎伐結論を下 ~/1_ と欲す、日く締質は綾部並に中部緋腺よ b 分 ~）~せらる、PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE SILK GLANDS OF BOMBYX l¥WRI. 25 紙質は綜腺内腔 tζ 於て空気の影響の下氏一部腰質に鐘せらるJ七議化は中部のみならず後部氏於ても起るもの tJ:.k唯其最永く停滞する部分に於て最多く此空気の作用を受くるのみと。6）分泌せられたる絹続物質を前方に移行せしむる動力に関しては、殆何等頼るべきの説有るを聞かず。或は日ム是五li色reの塵出作用と血液の塵カとに因るものな bと。然れども総腺内に於ける絹続物質は粘桐なる液体に過ぎざるを以て、五li色reの陸出力が遠〈中部乃至綾部に及ぶの卸はある可からずO 殊に之を血暦に蹄するに至bては、一層強由なさとと在 bとすO 何と在れば、株腺は血液中に侵漬しあ bて、其血液は筏方 l己流る L を以て、之が絹紙物質の前進を促すの動力 12b得べしとは信じ難〈、殊に総腺は前後左右に迂鈴曲折せるのみならず、総腺内腔には絹純物質と分班細胞との聞に大なる丞慮あ bて．外展の直接、事白紙物質に及ぶの現なければ在 b。予の観る所 R依れば、卦訟Jt;細胞内氏無数に存在せる気管毛細管よ b放出せられたる空気 l立、 tunicaintimaを通じて一部総腺内腔に出て来れ絹称物質上に！璽力を及ぼす、然るに綜腺後端は盲管に終るを以て、此極力は専ら絹締物質を前方に推進するの動力と鋳るものな b。向総腺の内腔に多量の空気蓄積せるは絹続物質中に接見せらる、無数の気泡に徴しても明な hとすO7）前部総腺は峰子時代に在 bては、他の雨部と同じく絹紙物質を分泌するも、震卵鰐化後に至れば其作用を失仏、専ら chitin質の卦泌を掌る。分地せられたる chitin 質は蓄積して前部氏特有なる厚きinti maを形成すO8）細胞核は第一齢中に在 bては、総腺全部を通じて其形態殆相等しく、球形乃至楕闘体形を呈すO 第二齢に至れば前部の細胞核は早〈既に身岐を始むるも、中部並に綾部に在 hては第四齢に入 b初めて細胞核の牙肢を蛤むるものとすO26 問中一家磁の絹糸腺研究環報9）成長せる意見に在。ては、前部総腺の細胞核は中部の細胞核と大に其形態を異にす。即ち前者は分岐、比較的簡車にして、各部の太さ殆相等しし頼粒を認めず．之に反して後者は分岐、不規則複雑を極め、各部の太~甚不 i司にし τ、組繊は粗頼位状を呈せ b 。10）本邦種家主霊の縁腺の畿達は之を欧州種に比すれば其絶望す量に於て柏、劣れれ然れども一定の給桑量に撃すする割合に於ては、前者は遁に後者に優れれ是品種改良上頗る注目すべき事賓と日ぎる可からずO『 d・4同 N 曜、内供同

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE SILK GLANDS OF BOMBYX MORI.

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PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE SILK GLANDS OF BOMBYX MORI.

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