Food-to-food fortification (FtFF) with moringa leaf (iron source) and/or baobab fruit (citric acid and ascorbic acid source) (each 13–15 g/100 g porridge dry basis (db)) was studied to improve iron and zinc nutritive quality in African-type wholegrain maize-based porridges using in vitro dialysability assay. Moringa FtFF decreased percentage and total bioaccessible iron and zinc, by up to 84% and 45%, respectively. Moringa was very high in calcium, approximately 3% db and calcium–iron–phytate complexes inhibit iron bioavailability. Baobab FtFF increased percentage and total bioaccessible iron and zinc, especially in porridges containing carrot + mango (β-carotene source) and conventionally fortified with FeSO4, by up to 111% and 60%, respectively. The effects were similar to those when ascorbic and citric acids were added as mineral absorption enhancers. While moringa FtFF could be inhibitory to iron and zinc bioavailability in cereal-based porridges, baobab fruit FtFF could improve their bioavailability, especially in combination with conventional iron fortification.The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Bureau for Food Security under Agreement #AID-OAA-L-14-00003 as part of Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Processing and Post-harvest Handling, the SA National Research Foundation (NRF), the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and the University of Pretoria.http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/iijf202022-04-15hj2021Consumer ScienceFood Scienc
