'University of Pretoria - Department of Philosophy'
Abstract
Mining is a hugely expensive process and unlike manufacturing is based on an ever
diminishing resource. It requires a continuous infusion of capital to sustain
production. A myriad of factors, from the volatility of the markets to the surety that
the minerals are really there, “plagues” both management and investors. The budget
tries to predict or forecast future profits and acts as a roadmap to all stakeholders.
Unfortunately, most of the time the budget of a mine degenerates to the extent of a
collapse, sometimes very soon into the new budget period. This problem plagues
both small and large mines indiscriminately. The budget is dictated in absolutes, and
little or no variability is allowed.
This thesis aims at developing a process to predict the probability of failure or
success through the application of probabilistic logic to the simulation of the budget.
To achieve this, a very detailed modelling tool is required. The model must replicate the actual mining process both in time and actual spatial representation.
Enabling technology was developed over a period of five years, primarily based on
the Runge Software Suite. The use of activity based costing enabled the budget to
be simulated and expressed as a probability distribution. A Pareto analysis was done
on the main cost drivers to extract the most important elements – or key drivers - that
need to be manipulated. These distributions were mapped against real data and
approximated with the use of the three parameter Weibull distribution.
Simulation using Xeras® (Runge) proved to be impossible. This is due to the time
needed for setup and processing. The budget was described as an empirical
function of the production tonnages split according to the Pareto analyses. These
functions were then utilised in Arena® to build a stochastic simulation model. The
individual distributions are being modelled to supply the stochastic drivers for the
budget distribution. Income, based on the sales, was added to the model in order for
the Nett profit to be reflected as a distribution. This is analysed to determine the
probability of meeting the budget.
The underlying analysis of an open pit mining process clearly reflects that there are
primary variables that may be controlled to trigger major changes in the production
process. The most important parameter is the hauling cycle, because the haul trucks
are the nexus of the production operation. It is further shown that the budget is primarily influenced by either FTE’s (full time employees, i.e. bodies) or funds
(Capex or Opex) or a combination of both.
The model uses probabilistic logic and ultimately culminates in the decision of how
much money is needed and where it should be applied. This ensures that the
probability of achieving the budget is increased in a rational and demonstrable way.
The logical question that arises is: “Can something be done to utilise this knowledge
and change behaviour of the operators?” This led to (IOPA – Intelligent Operator
Performance Analyses) – where the performance or lack thereof is measured on a
shift by shift basis. This is evaluated and communicated through automated
feedback to the supervisors and operators and is being implemented. Early results
and feedback are hugely positive.
The last step is prove where capital (or any additional money spend) that is applied
to the budget will give the most benefit or have the biggest positive influence on the
achievement thereof.
The strength of the model application lies therein that it combines stochastic
simulation, probability theory, financial budgeting and practical mine schedule to
predict (or describe) the event of budget achievement as a probability distribution.
The main contribution is a new level of understanding financial risk and or
constraints in the budget of a large (open pit) mine.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.Mining EngineeringMEngUnrestricte
