A brief review of a portion of the literature on Bartonella, Grahamella and Eperythrozoon is given. A new species of blood parasite of sheep is described for which the name Eperythrozoon ovis is proposed. The symptomatology of the disease produced by Ep. Ovis is detailed. The tentative proposal is made to unite the four genera Anaplasma, Grahamella, Bartonella and Eperythrozoon into one family the Anaplasmidae.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. 
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.mn2015mn201

Alexander, R.A.

Du Toit, P.J.

Neitz, W.O.

The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. 
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.A brief review of a portion of the literature on Bartonella, Grahamella and Eperythrozoon is given. A new species of blood parasite of sheep is described for which the name Eperythrozoon ovis is proposed. The symptomatology of the disease produced by Ep. Ovis is detailed. The tentative proposal is made to unite the four genera Anaplasma, Grahamella, Bartonella and Eperythrozoon into one family the Anaplasmidae.mn2015mn201

Du Toit, Peet J.

UPSpace at the University of Pretoria

Onderstepoo1·t Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Indust ry, Vol11.m.e 3, Numbe1· 2, October, 1934, Eperythrozoon Ovis (sp. nov.) Infection in Sheep. By W. 0. NEITZ, B.V.Sc., Veterinary Research Officer; lL A. ALEXANDER, B.Sc .Agric., B.V.Sc., Empire Marketing Board Hesearch Fello\\·; and P. J. Du TOIT, B.A., Dr.Phil., Dr.Ued .Vet., D.Sr., Director of Veterinary SeTVice:; and Animal Industry, Onderstepoort. TnB demonstration by Biffi (1903), Gastiabuni (1903) and Barton (1905) of bacillary shaped bodieR in the erythrocytes of patients suffering from Oroya fever and V enuga peruviana stimulated a great deal of work which has added immensely to the knowledge of the BMtonella; group of organisms. Barton continued his observations and in 1909 reported that the inb'a cellular OTganisms which he constantly found in patients were of the nature of protor.oa and that he believed them to be the cause of Oroya fever or Carrion's disease. Subsequently these observations ''"ere. c-onfirmed by the American Commission consisting of Strong, Tyzzer, Brues, Silla1·d and Ga stiabuni (1913). However, many other workers rlid not regard these bodies as parasites, anrl bTought forward to di sprove their parasitic nature arguments similar to thDse advanced to discredit the parasitic conception of the Anaplasmata. Not until Noguchi (1926) showed that the Bartonella could be cult iva ted was their para sitic nature accepted. Finally Noguchi alHl Battestini (Hl27) and Mayer and Kikuth (1927) showed that there was a common aetiological agent responsible for Oroya fever ancl Verruga peruviana, which frequently follows Oroya fever, viz., Bartonella 7){(cilli.fu1'1nis. Parasites similar to the B011·tonella found in man have been described in animals. Mayer (1921) described Bm·tonella 1nuris the cause of infectious rat anaemia. Kikuth (1928) demonstTated Bc~rtonella canis in the dog and Schilling (1928) recorded B . muris musculi in the mouse. In several ,,-ild ronents various other species have been observed . A common symptom producer1 h.Y t.hese organisms is an anaemia characterised h:v degenerative and regenerative changes in the blood. 'rhese changes occur sometime after the appearan_ce of the parasites, in a manner similar to that obserYed after infection with Anaplasma. In fact, between Anaplasmosis and Bartonellosis there appears to be some relationship. 'l' he morpholog-y and staining properties of the causal organisms are Yery simil ar, the clinical syndrome in each case is practically inentical and in both conditions splenectomy is followed by a reappearance of the parasites in the blood. 263 " EPERYTHROZOON OVIS " INFECTION IN SHEEP. Closely related to Bartonella is the genus Eperythrozoon. E. coccoides was first described by Schilling (1928) in splenectomized mice. Shortly afterwards Dinger working independently proposed the name Gyrornorpha musculi for the same organism observed in splenectomized mice in Amsterdam. 'l'hese observations were compared by Mesnil, Brynoghe, Vassialidis, Elliot anrl Ford. 'fhe latter reoorded their oc<.:urrence in ATvicola arvalis and 111 us minutus in addition to Mus muscul'i. Schwetz (1933) reported their occurrence in field mice in the Belgian Congo. Schilling, Dinger and other workers found that 2-4 days after splenectomy of infected mice small ring-shaped organisms 0 · 5 fl.-1· 0 fl. in diameter appeared in blood smears stained by Giemsa, Dinger described only ring forms but Kikuth in addition found rod-shaped and coccus forms . The parasites occur free in the plasma in addition to being found on the red cells. For example Dinger mentions that on the 2nd day after the appearance of parasites in splenectomized mice their number increases especially in tbe plasma where they may 1Je 20-30 times as hequent as erythrocytes. On the 3rd and 4th day of infection large numbers can be seen lying on the red cells especially on the polychromatic erythrocytes. After a further interval of 24-48 hours the parasites may have disappeared but there is usually a periodic reappearance over a period of many weeks. 'l'he course of EperythTozoon infecti.on in white mice differs markedly from that seen in :field and wild mice. In striking contrast to the severe anaemia seen in infectious rat anaemia produced by BaTtonella muris, white mice do not appear sick and any anaemia definitely is not severe. On the other hand, Kikuth in his work on wild mice observed severe clinical symptoms and even death in some of his animals. After experimental infection he observecl anaemic changes characterised by erythro-phagocytosis and the appearance of numerous normoblasts. An extraordinary phenomenon was the extreme :fluctuation in the number of parasites in this respect the behaviour closely resembling that of Bartonella cnn'is. This periodic disappearance and reappearance of parasites might be observeil 4 or 5 times. When the parasites were rare ring forms could be differentiated easily from rod and coccus forms but when the parasites were frequent Bartonella forms were found almost exclusively. This variation in the number of parasites together with the production of severe clinical symptoms anaemia and even death led Kikuth to believe he was working with a mixed infection of Epe1·yth1·ozoon coccoides and Bm·tonella n11Uris musculi but on subinoculation into splenectomized white mice these animals showed no clinical symptoms and only ring forms were encountered. In spite of some difference in morphology, in location of the parasites, and in the clinical picture produced b:v infection with Eperythrozoon and Bm·tonella it must be concluded that the two parasites are closely relate<'!. There is no conclusive evidence f<Jr the acceptance of Eperythrozoon as a parasitic entity and not as a product of desquamation but the transmission from infected to susceptible white mice and rats, their reappearance after splenectomy, and the chemotherapeutical influence of neosa.lvarsan in sterilising the blood is significant. 264 vV. 0. NEITZ, R. A. ALEXANDER AND P. J. DU TOIT. OBSERVATIONS AT 0NDERSTEPOORT. During the oourse of experimental work on Heartwater (Rickettsia ?'ummantium infeetion) 10 c.c . of blood from a sheep at the height of the Heartwater reaction was injected into a splenecto-mized sheep. Four days later peculiar ring-shaped bodies 0 · 5 ,t-t-1· 0 ,t-t in diameter were observed in blood smears from this sheep stained with Giemsa. At first these bodies were regarded as stain deposit or artefacts but each of these possibilities was ruled out by taking meticulous care with the cleaning of slides and the preparation of the blood fibres, and by staining with filtered stain in the inverted position. The bodies which were to be ~;een on the red cells as well as hee in the plasma, increased in number daily. On the fifth day, i.e., several days before the " viru::; " of Heartwater could be expected to be found in the peripheral circulation, blood wa s subinoculated into three normal sheep. The peculiar organisms were found in each of these sheep from the 7th day, and were carried on for several genera-tions by repeated subinoculations. The original splenectomized donor succumbed to Heartwater on the 13th day after injection; none of the subsequent generations of sheep deYeloped Heartwater to which disease their susceptibility was demonstrated later by immunity tests. Smears were prepared daily from each of the subinoculated sheep and from these preparations stained with Giemsa it is possible to give an accurate description of the peculiar parasites. It is now apparent that these organisms had been observed previously on many occasions but their significance had not been appreciated fully. DESCRIPTION. The organisms may be found lying supracellularly on the erythrocytes but the greater number are to be fou)ld lying free between the cellular elements iu the blood smears. Position. (a) The supracellulm· /01'1ns.-The number of parasites lying on the erythrocytes varies within very wide limits, but usually the number of supracellular forms is directly propor-tionate to the intensity of the infection in the blood. A single organism may be present or alternately the entire surface of a red cell literally may be covered with parasites which may there be lying on top of one another. The most common occurrence is for the supracellular forms to be found in clusters of from 3 to 12 aggregated towards the centre of the cell , or at a point towards the periphery or along a portion of the border. (b) The extracellula?' or fr ee jo1·ms.-Invariably the free forms are the more numerous. As will be seen from the photographs at the end of the text, they are fairly evenly distributed iJl dessiminated groups throughout the preparations. Morphology.-Typically the organisms appear as delicate rings approximately 0·5-1-0,t-t in diameter. Fixed with May-Grunewald and stained with Giemsa they take on a delicate pale purple colour. In the ring-forms about 4 I 5 o£ the centre portion fails to take the stain and they appear to be flat, not spherical. They predominate both supra- and extracellularly but can but be studied in those 265 " EPERYTHROZOON OVIS " INFECTION IN SHEEP. portions of a smear where clumps of the cells are "idely separated. In addition to the ring forms there are frequently to be seen ovoid forms, irregular triangles 11·ith the angles rounded off, in addition to rod, dumbell, a).ld comma shaped forms. A point of interest is that it has been noted frequently that at one end of a smear ring forms predominate while towards the other end rod and comma shaped forms are more frequent. It is assumed ~hat this distribution is purely mechanical and may he the result of mjury during the process of dra,,ing the film. In some of the ring forms there may be noticed one, l \YO or e,·eu three points which stain a;n appreciably darker colour. 'Their flignificance is quite obscute but they may stand in some relation to multiplication. Symptomatology.-Up to the present the disease has only been studied in 1\ferino sheep under stable conditions. As yet nothing can he said about the cause of infection in other hreecls of sheep, or in animals subjected to adverse conditions in the field, where it is assumed that the symptoms would be more pronounced and where the disea se may be of some economic importance. In addition nothing whatever is known of the natural mode of transmission. After artificial infection with blood by the subcutaneous or intravenous route the period of incubation usually varies from 4-15 rlays, but it may be extended up to seYeral weel<s. The first symptom is fever, the temperature rising to about 105° F., though it has been obserYed to rise as high as 107° F. The febrile reaction may be continuous for 3 or 4 days, or it may be intermittent. :Febrile exacerbations and remis;;ions at inten-als of a week or more are common or alternately there may be a complete absence of any hype rihermia. Parasites make their appearance concunen tly with the first rise in temperature or they may be seen only a few days later. They then multiply rapi(lly ancl within <t \Yeek may be 25 to 100 times as numerous as the erythrorytes. From the limited number of animals examined it would appear that active multiplication of the parasites continues up to tlw time when the first signs of anaemia make their appearaJ].ce in the flmears . Then the number of parasites suddenly clecreasef> and when the anaemia is at itfl worf>t comparatively few org·anisms are to be seen . When the condition of the blood tends io lwcome normal ag-ain, usually after about 4 weeks, there may be a recrmlesence of infertion again. This irregular fluctuation in the deg-ree of infedion may eon1inue for G weeks or longer. While the fever curve is not very characteristic for the disease the anaemia is a constant and regular symptom. Clinically it ma:v he demonstrate(! 5 to 8 clays after the first appearanre of parasites in the smearR. As the eonclition progresses the visible mucous mem-branes berome more and more pale until eYentually they have the appearanre of white porcelain. A slight icterus has been observed in a few instances. Examination of the blood shows a rapid drop in the red precipitate on rentrifugation and the red blood count may drop as 'low as 1,500,000 within 10 days. At the same time there is a rise 266 " -- 0. NEITZ, R. A. ALEXANDER AND P. J . DU TOl'l' . in the leucocyte count up to about 20,000. This increase is clue chiefly to an absolute a_ncl relatiYe monocytoses and erythroph agocy-tosis is a common featm·e. With the development of anaemia the r esults of degenerative and regenerative processes m ake their appearance, namely anisoe;ytosis, polye;h romasia, pundate baso-philia, jolly bodies and nuclear r ests in addition to normoblasts. Provided no relapse occurs the blood picture returns to normal in about 4 "-eeks. Other clinical s_v1npi:oms are those of fever and anaemia and Yary with their severity . One notie;es dullness, in appetence, loss of condition and debilitv. 'l'he pulse is rapid and weak and the r espirations accelerated. A fatal termiuati.on has not been noted and the prognosis under stable conditions is go~d. DISCUSSION. Since the recognition of the above described organism as a parasitic entity, it h as become apparent th at certain febrile r eactions and anaemic changes in the blood of sheep, whie;h were inexplicable at the time, may no\1· be accounted for. The ease with which the parasite may be t ransmitted by artificial means in the laboratory must serve as a warning to research workers particularly those engaged in haematological studies of other infectious diseases. Whether the disease is of any importance from an economic point of vie" - in the field still remains to be determined but it appears not unlikely that the extrem e and prolonged anaemia may be of impor-tane;e in reducing the natural resistance of affected animals to other condit ions which alone m ay not be fata l. This a.Hpert of the problem together with t he natural mode of transmission is rereiving attention. A consideration of the parasite, its morphology, location, stain-ing reaction with Giemsa and th e nature of the di;;ease produced, has led the au thors to belieYe that it is a hitherto undescribed species of the genus Eperythrozoon fm· which the name Eperythrozoon oris is proposed. Classificatiou .- 8 pe1'!)th r-ozoon bears an unmistakable resem-blance to BaPtonella and Gwha nwlla. In many respee;ts it appears to h ave a fairly close relationship with Anaplasm.a :-ts \Yell as was noted a hove. It is interesti)lg to note the morphological oifferences hetween the type species of t hese four genera. A11aplosma c-onsi sts of grains of chromati n, round oval or some,..-hat sharply irr eg-ular in shape. They are intracellula1· though occasionally they giYe th e distinct impression of being epicell ular and th ere are invariably only 1 or 2 (never more th an 3 or 4) parasites in each erythrocyte. Grahamella consists of fairly regular rods "-hich are intracellular and are always present in fairly large number (8-20) in the same cell. Bartonella is pleomorphic being represented by cocci, rods, rings and various irregular sh apes. Their position is intracellular and they are always present in fairly large numbers. Eperyth1·ozoon is also pleomorphic although the variety of sh apes iE~ probably not so great as in th e case of B aPtonella; ring and rod shapes predominate, 267 " EPERYTHROZOON OVIS " INFECTION IN SHEEP. and the infection may be very heavy. The chief rlifference between these two genera is the situation of the parasites which in the case of Eperythrozoon is epicellular or extracellular. As regards the result of infection with these different genera. Anaplasma in cattle causes a very severe disease characterised by extreme anaemia and the condition is frequently fatal; Bartonella in man is responsible for a serious condition (Oroya fever and Verruga peruviana); Epe1·yth1·ozoon appears to result in nothing more serious than the production of fever followed by a severe anaemia. Gmhamella is non pathogenic. In view of this obvious relationship between these four genera it is proposed tentatively that they should be included in the family AnOJplasmidae. This family which most protozoologists would pre-sumably place in the order H aemosp01·idia could be defined as follows:-Small blood parasites round, oval, rodshaped or irregular in shape whose average size is 0 ·5-1· Op.. They lie either in or on the red cells or occur free in the plasma. They may be non-pathogenic or pathogenic, in which case they most requently produce fever followed by a variable degree of anaemia. Transmission takes place probably in all instances by arthropods. In passing it may be mentioned that Rickettsia has many features in common with the above group or organisms but its affinity for endothelial cells and its almost complete absence from the blood stream microscopically would seem to indicate a more distant relationship. SUMMARY. 1. A brief review of a portion of the literature on Bartonella, Grahamella and Eperythrozoon is give;n. 2. A new species of blood parasi'te of sheep is described for which the name Eper·ythrozoon ovis is proposed. 3. The symptomatology of the disease produced by Ep. ovu 1s detailed. 4. The tentative proposal is made to unite the four genera Anaplasma, Grahamella, Bartonella and Eperyth1·ozoon into one family the Anaplasmidae. LITERATURE. Full lists of references to Bartonella, Eperythrozoon, and Grahamella will be found in the publication of Kikuth, 1932. DINGER, J. G. (1926). Naheres iiber das Eperythrozoon Coccoides. Zeit. Bakter. Orig., 113, pp. 503-509. DA ROCHA-LIMA, H . (1926). Verruga peruviana. Menses -Handbuch der 'Tropenkrank'he·iten, 3 Aufl., Bd. 3, pp. 355-396. 268 W. 0. NEITZ, R. A . ALEXANDER AND P. J. DU TOIT. KIKUTH, vV. (1928). ueber e in en neuen Anaemieerreger. Bartonella canis, noL spec. lGtn. Trschr., 1928, pp . 1729-1730. KlKliTH, W. (1932). Die Bartonellen und verwandte Parasiten bei Mensch und Tieren. Ergebnisse cler Hygiene Bakteriologie Immunitiits/oTSchun g 1mcl Experimentet.len 'l'herapie, Band XIII, pp . 559-619. SOHILLING1 V. (1928). Eperythrozoon coccoides, eine neue durch Splenektomie aktiomerbare Dauerinfektion der weissen Ylaus. Klin. Wschr., 1928, pp. 1853-1855. WENYON, C. M. (1926). P1·otozoology, Vol. 1 and 2. ADDENDUM. Keitz and Quinlan found a species of Eperytluozoon in splenecto-mized calves at Onderstepoort, \\hich "·ere known to be carriers of Anaplasma centtale. After the operation Eperytlu·ozoon appeared in extremely la1·ge numbers, and also Anaplasma cent·rale were present. At prsent it can not be stated "·hether the Eperyth1·ozoon of cattle is identical \Yith Epe1·ythrozoon ovis of sheep, but transmi s-sion experiments to clear up this point are being undertaken. 269 " EPERYTHROZOON OVIS " IN.FECTION I~ SHEEP. Fig. 1.-EpeTyth rozoon ovis of sheep. ?\ umer ous paras ites lying free, 4th day of infection . Magnification 1 ,750 X. F ig. 2.-Epwryth1·ozoon ovis of sheep. Some paras ites a re free and some supracellular. Magnification 1,500 X. 270 W. 0. NEITZ, R. A. ALEXANDER AKD P. J. D U TOI'l'. Fig. 3.-Eperythrozoon avis of ~heep. Parasites lying supracellular. Magnification 1,750. Fig. 4.-Anaemic changes due to Eperythrozoon infection. (Anisocytosis and punctate basophilia .) Magnification 1,500 X. 211 

Eperythrozoon ovis (sp. nov.) infection in sheep

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Eperythrozoon ovis (sp. nov.) infection in sheep

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