Electron microscopy revealed that 80% of captured vervet monkeys, held in quarantine for experimental use, showed extensive proliferation of spiral-shaped bacteria on the mucosal epithelium of the large bowel. A consortium, consisting of a predominant spirillum together with a spirochaete, was usually seen as a lawn covering the colonic epithelium. Sparsely populated areas showed preferential colonization of the tubular
glands. Pathological changes were minimal, being confined to the microvillus border, and affected animals showed no evidence of distress. These findings are compared with those of a similar condition known as "intestinal spirochaetosis" reported in other primates, including man.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. 
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format

Cowley, H.M.

Hill, R.R.

The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. 
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.Electron microscopy revealed that 80% of captured vervet monkeys, held in quarantine for experimental use, showed extensive proliferation of spiral-shaped bacteria on the mucosal epithelium of the large bowel. A consortium, consisting of a predominant spirillum together with a spirochaete, was usually seen as a lawn covering the colonic epithelium. Sparsely populated areas showed preferential colonization of the tubular
glands. Pathological changes were minimal, being confined to the microvillus border, and affected animals showed no evidence of distress. These findings are compared with those of a similar condition known as "intestinal spirochaetosis" reported in other primates, including man

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Onderstepoort J. vet. Res., 52,47-50 (1985) "INTESTINAL SPIROCHAETOSIS" OF THE VERVET MONKEY HEATHER M. COWLEY* and R. R. HTI..l.., Department o1 Mkrobiology, University of ihe Wftwatersrano, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue. Johannesburg 2001 _ AsTRACf COWLEY, HEATHER M. & HD..L, R. ~'-' J985~_'_'Intestinal s_pirochaetosjs" of~ vervet monkey." Onderstepoort Journal ofVeterinary Research, 52,47-50 (1985) · Electron microscopy revealed that 80% of captured vervet monkeys, held in quarantine for experimental use, showed extensive proliferation of spiral-shaped bacteria on the mucosal epithelium of the l<irge bOwel. A consortium, consisting of a predominant spirillum together with a spirochaete, was usually seen as a lawn ·covering the colonic epithelium. Sparsely populated areas showed preferential colonization of the tubular glands. Pathological changes were minimal, being confined to the microvillus border, and affected animals s,howed no evidence of distress. These findings are compared with those of a similar condition known as "intestinal spirochaetosis" reported in other primates, including man. INTRODUCfiON · Spinii bacteria have been re_£Orted as members of the commensal flora of the gut of a wide range of mono gas~ tric vertebrates, including man (Harris & Kinyon, 1974; Leach, Lee & Stubbs, 1973). Although these organisms are generally refractive to culture in artificial media, ,their unique morphology makes them readily visible in microscopic preparations of the distal regions of the gas-,trointestinal tract, where they may be found in lumen contents, the mucous blanket or on epithelial cell sur-faces. There have been sporadic reports of a condition that has become known as "intestinal spirochaetosis" in which spiral bacteria, responding to some unknown sti-mulus, spread as a lawn over the colonic epithelium (AntonakoJ?O~los, Newman & Wilkinson, 1982; Lee, Krasze~ski, Gordon, Howie, McSeveney & Harland, 1971). In non-Erimates, the offending orgamsms are in-deed spfrochaetes -(Turek & Meyer, 1918; -1979), but in primates the condition is considered to be a dual infesfa~ tion with an unnamed flagellated spirillum together with a classical spirochaete (Neutra, 1980; Takeuchi & · Zel-ler, 1972; Takeuchi, Jervis, Nakazawa & Robinson, 1974). Pathological changes are minimal, consisting mainly of damage to the brush border. There is no appa-rent debility to the host, which fails even to raise an inflammatory response to organisms that have rarely been observed to translocate across the epithelial base-ment membrane to the lamina propria. In rhesus mon-keys, the reported incidence varies between 12 and 25 %, while in man the reported incidence is as low as 2 to 10 % (Takeuchi et al., 1974). We report here on an infestation by spiral bacteria of the large bowel of 80 % of vervet monkeys captured locally, which differs in a number of important aspects from previously described cases of intestinal spirochae-tosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Fourteen healthy vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus ae-thiops) were selected from a programme in which ani-mals were captured from the wild from various regions in South Africa and held in quarantine for at least 6 weeks before surgical removal of kidneys for tissue cul-ture cell lines. During quarantine, the monkeys were held initially in large communal cages and were then transferred to smaller individual cages prior to use. While in captivity, the animals were fed commercial dog pellets, fruit and water ad lib. Oral tetracycline was ad-ministered to animals which developed diarrhoea of un-determined aetiology. Received 13 November 1984--Editor. Electron microscopy Ligated sections ofouodenum; caecum and colon were removed post-mortem. Within an hour of collection, ex-cised sections of gut wall were washed 3 nmes by 20 agitations in 50 me volumes of 0 ,85 % NaC1 and fixed. for at least 24 h in 3 % phosphate buffered glutaralde-hyde (pH 7 ,2). All tissues were post-fixed in 1 % os-mium tetroxide, and dehydrated in alcohol. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), blocks were critical point-dried, mounted, coated with 20 nm of gold and exam-ined in a Cambridge Stereoscan. Examination of crypts .was made after random fracture of critical point-dried blocks during preparation for SEM. For transmission electron microscopy, sections were cut from epon-aral-dite embedded blocks, stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate sequence and examined on a JEOL 1 OOS at 80 ~Y . Scrapings of washed, unfixed mucosal epithelium for negative staining were suspended in saline and stained with 3 % phosphotungstic acid on carbon-reinforced, formvar-coated grids. REsULTS In 3 of the 14 monkeys, the mucosal epithelium was. free of attached bacteria, although a diverse mucous-as-sociated flora was seen in fragments of mucous blanket that had resisted the washing process. In the other 11 monkeys, moderate to extensive colonization of thecae-cal and colonic gut wall by spiral bacteria was seen. Two morphologically distinct spiral bacteria were found to be involved in the colonization of the mucosal epithelium. These bacteria were both within the same size range, 0,2--0,3 /Lffi wide and 4,0--5,0 p.m long. The 1 predominant organism in all cases was a simple spiral organism with a single flagellum extending from each pole (Fig. 1), while the other organism had a typical spirochaete ultrastructure with a 4--8-4 or 3--6-3 peri-plasmic flagella configuration (Fig. 2). The spirochaete either co-colonized in low numbers or was absent alto-• gether. Although in 8 animals the epithelia of the large bowel were completely covered by a lawn of bacteria, . incomplete colonization in the remaining 3 monkeys re-vealed an unusual distribution, not reported i~ previous studies of intestinal spirochaetosis. In these monkeys. the flagellated organism showed a marked predilection for the epithelial cells lining the tubular glands of the colon (Fig. 3, 4 & 5). Goblet cells and extruded mucous were not colonized -(Fig.-6). Both flagellated and spiro-chaete forms were found in a corona around gland open-ings. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that both organisms were in intimate contact with the epithelial cells (Fig. 7 & 8). Disruption of microvillus continuity and loss of subsurface structure and organelles were also observed. Even in the most heavily infested monkeys no ''INTESTINAL SPIROCHAETOSIS'' OF THE VERVET MONKEY 1 Flagellated spiral organism in scraping from monkey colonic epithelium. Negative staining. Bar = 0,5 p.m evidence was found of migration of spiral bacteria into the epithelial cells, nor of translocation through the base-ment m.embrane. DISCUSSION This study has demonstrated that the majority of cap-tured vervet monkeys exhibited extensive colonization of the large bowel by spiral organisms. This infestation differs, however, from that described as "intestinal spi-rochaetosis'', reported from both rhesus monkeys and man. In these hosts the predominant organism was a spirochaete, whereas in our study the numerically domi-nant organism was a flagellated spirillum. It is of interest to note, however, that, in spite of these differences, the 2 organisms involved appeared to be morphologically identical with those, organisms described in other pri-mate intestinal spirochaetoses. Unfortunately, structural criteria are the only means of comparing non-cultivable organisms, but considering the diversity of spirochaetes found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, the similar-ity between those involved in primate spirochaetosis is striking. A further differentiating feature of the infestation seen in vervet monkeys was the preferential localization of these organisms in and around the tubular glands of the large bowel. Minio, Tonietti & Torsoli (1973) and Neu-tra ( 1980) have excluded tubular glands from the distri-bution pattern of bacteria involved in intestinal spiro-chaetosis both in man and in the rhesus monkey, al-though in these hosts the predominant organism was spe-cifically identified as a spirochaete. The limited pathology we observed in heavily infested monkeys was no more nor less than that reported by other workers in other hosts. The cellular degeneration described appears to be a non-specific response, while the severe loss of microvilli in areas of heavy infestation, even though widespread in some subjects, seems to cause little permanent debility to the host. There was no obvious association between diarrhoea, antibiotic the-rapy and spirochaetosis in the group of animals studied. Penetration by spiral bacteria into or through the epithe-lial layer has reportedly taken place under high epithelial challenge when the spirochaete member of the consor-tium appears able to traverse the epithelium. That we found no evidence of intracellular bacteria, even under very high challenge with the flagellate, would suggest that this organism is not capable of epithelial penetra-tion. '.48 2 FIG. 2 Spirochaete in scraping from monkey colonic epithelium. Ne-gative staining. Bar= 0,5 p.m Further conjecture on the significance of these results is not possible until it has been established whether the animals showing sparse colonization of the gut wall were in the declining phase of a heavy infestation or at the beginning of an expansion from the protected environ-ment of the glands. Since intestinal spirochaetosis has been shown to be a chronic infection lasting up to 6 years (Lee et a/, 1971), and since the animals in this study were examined within 3 months of capture, it is possible that this paper reports the early stages of infection. How-ever, we cannot preclude the presence of this condition as endemic in wild monkeys, as no data are available from free-living animals. Although the presence of large numbers of spiral bacteria in the gut of captured vervet monkeys does not seem to cause patent debility nor overt pathology, we feel that the condition is not " normal" and advise caution in the interpretation of results of ex-periments performed on captured monkeys, particularly in nutritional and immunological studies. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the South African Medical Re-search Council and the Council for Scientific and Indus-trial Research for financial support of this project; to the National Institute of Virology for access to their animals and to Mr S. Kartun for technical assistance in part of this study. HEATHER M. COWLEY AND R. R. HILL FIG. 3 SEM of spiral bacteria heavily colonizing the neck of monkey colonic tubular gland. Bar = 5 ~-tm FIG. 4 SEM of transverse section through crypt depicting colonization by spiral organisms. Bar= 2 ~-tm FIG. 5 Magnified view of Fig. 4 depicting polar flagellation. Bar= 1~-tm FIG. 6 Section of monkey colonic gland showing heavy infestation of epithelial cells but not of goblet cell mucin. Bar = 2 ~-tm 49 ''INfESTINAL SPIROCHAETOSIS'' OF THE VERVET MONKEY FIG. 7 Flagellated spiral bacteria attached to epithelium. Note regional loss of cellular organelles. Bar= 0,5 p.m FIG. 8 Spirochaetes (S) in close proximity to epithelial cells. Bar= 0,5 p.m REFERENCES ANTONAKOPOULOS, G., NEWMAN, J. & WILKINSON, M., 1982: Intestinal spirochaetosis: an electron microscopic study of an unusual case. Histopathology, 6,477-488. -HARRIS , D. L. & KINYON, J. M., 1974. Significance of anaerobic spirochetes in the intestines of animals. American Journal of Clini-cal Nutrition, 27, 1297-1304. LEACH, W. D., LEE, A. & STUBBS, R. P., 1973. Localization of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract: a possible explanation of intesti-nal spirochaetosis. Injection and Immunity, 7,961-972. LEE, F. D. , KRASZEWSKI, A. , GORDON, J., HOWIE, J. G._R., McSEVENEY, D. & HARLAND, W. A., 1971. Intestinal spiro-chaetosis. Gut, 12,126-133. · MINIO, F . , TONIETTI, G. & TORSOLI, A. , 1973. Spontaneous spirochete :infestation in the colonic mucosa of healthy men. Rendi-conti di Gastro-Enterologia, 5,183-195. 50 NEUTRA, M. R., 1980. Prokaryotic-eukaryotic cell junctions: attach-ment of spirochetes and flagellated bacteria to primate large intesti-nal cells. Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 70,186-203. . TAKEUCHI, A., & ZELLER, J. A. , 1972. Ultrastructural identifica-tion of spirochaetes and flagellated microbes at the brush border of the large intestinal epithelium of the Rhesus monkey. Injection and Immunity, 6 ,1008-1018. TAKEUCHI, A. , JERVIS, H. R., NAKAZAWA, H. & ROBINSON, D. M. , 1974. Spiral shaped organisms on the surface of the colonic epithelium of the monkey and man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27,1287-1·296. TUREK, J. J. & MEYER, R. C . , 1978. Studies on a canine intestinal spirochete: scanning electron microscopy of canine colonic mucosa. Injection and Immunity, 20,853-855 . TUREK, J. J. & MEYER, R. C., 1979. An intestinal spirochete infes-i tation of the opossum. Current Microbiology, 3,27-31. 

"Intestinal spirochaetosis" of the vervet monkey

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"Intestinal spirochaetosis" of the vervet monkey

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