Volatiles emitted by male Amblyomma hebraeum while feeding on a rabbit were quantitatively sampled by
the dynamic solvent effect and analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
Changes in emissions of 2-methyl propanoic acid, benzaldehyde and 2-nitrophenol paralleled reported increases
in the attractiveness of males to conspecific ticks after 4-5 days of feeding.
These compounds are therefore candidates for the bioassay of pheromonal activity.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. 
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.lmchunu2014mn201

Apps, P.J.

Pretorius, V.

Viljoen, H.W.

The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. 
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.Volatiles emitted by male Amblyomma hebraeum while feeding on a rabbit were quantitatively sampled by
the dynamic solvent effect and analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
Changes in emissions of 2-methyl propanoic acid, benzaldehyde and 2-nitrophenol paralleled reported increases
in the attractiveness of males to conspecific ticks after 4-5 days of feeding.
These compounds are therefore candidates for the bioassay of pheromonal activity.lmchunu2014mn201

UPSpace at the University of Pretoria

Onderstepoort J. vet. Res., 55, 135-137 (1988) AGGREGATION PHEROMONES OF THE BONT TICK AMBLYOMMA HEBRAEUM: IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATES FOR BIOASSAY P. J. APPS, H. W. VILJOEN and V. PRETORIUS, Institute for Chromatography, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002 ABSTRACf APPS, P. J., VILJOEN, H. W. & PRETORIUS, V., 1988 Aggregation pheromones of the bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum: identification of candidates for bioassay. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 55, 135-137 (1988) Volatiles emitted by male Amblyomma hebraeum while feeding on a rabbit were quantitatively sampled by the dynamic solvent effect and analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatografhy and mass spectrometry. Changes in emissions of2-methyl propanoic acid, benzaldehyde and 2-nitropheno paralleled reported increases in the attractiveness of males to conspecific ticks after 4-5 days of feeding. These compounds are therefore candidates for the bioassay of pheromonal activity. INTRODUCTION The use of phenolic compounds as attractants of males to feeding females appears to be general among ixodid ticks (Wood, Leahy, Galun, Prestwich, Meinwald, Pur-nell & Payne, 1975; Gothe, 1987). In 3 species; Amblyomma hebraeum, Amblyomma maculatum and Amblyomma variegatum feeding males also produce a chemical signal which attracts other males, females and nymphs (Gladney, Grabbe, Ernst & Oehler, 1974; Rechav, Parolis, Whitehead & Knight, 1977; Schoni, Hess, Blum & Ramstein, 1984). Such an attractant has obvious potential as a component of a tick control formu-lation. Rechav & Whitehead (1978) report the successful use of mixtures of acaricide with extracts of several hundred male ticks for control of A. hebraeum on cattle. Using sophisticated on- and off-host bioassays Re-chav, Whitehead & Knight (1976) and Rechav et al. (1977) established that the attractant emitted by A. hebraeum is volatile and that the attractiveness of males increases after 4-5 days feeding, reaching a plateau after 8-9 days . The chemical identity of the signal was not established. The approach used in the present study was to exploit the quantitative precision of dynamic solvent effect sam-pling (Apps, Pretorius, Lawson, Rohwer, Centner, Vil-Joen & Hulse, 1987) and high resolution gas-liquid chro-matography by sampling volatile compounds emitted by male A. hebraeum while actually feeding on a host. Compounds whose temporal patterns of emission paral-leled changes in the attractiveness of male ticks were identified as candidates for bioassay. This paper records the identity of 3 such compounds. Their bwassay is be-yond the scope of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two adult, male, California white rabbits were used as hosts. On both rabbits a circular patch of hair about 25 mm in diameter was clipped very short on each flank. A glass cup 20 mm across and 20 mm deep with a screw top which held a perforated polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) disc was glued over each clipped patch with a cyanoacrylate adhesive (Fig. 1). The following day 6 adult, male A. hebraeum were introduced into I cup on each rabbit. The other cup served as a control. Removal of the glass cups and the ticks by the rabbits' grooming was limited (though usually not prevented) by fitting the rabbits with cloth jackets. Water and rabbit pellets were available ad lib. Each day samples of volatiles emitted by the ticks and from the control cups were obtained as follows: one end of a dimethyldichlorosilane1 (DMDCS)-deactivated glass Received 7 April1988--Editor 135 tube was inserted through a hole in the lid of the cup and the other end was connected to a dynamic solvent effect concentrator with n-hexane as solvent (Apps et al., 1987). Air was drawn from the cups and through the concentrators at a flow rate of 15 me min -I for 15 min for each sample (Fig. 1). Condensed water was evaporated from the COnCentratOr by a 15 me min-I flOW Of palla-dium-purified hydrogen for 5 min. FlO. 1 Apparatus used for sampling volatiles emitted by feeding ticks. 1. glass cap attached to host's skin with cyanoacrylate adhesive, 2. screw cap, 3. perforated PTFE disc, 4. deacti-vated glass tube, 5. dynamic solvent effect concentrator, 6. n-hexane solvent, 7. vacuum mass-flow controlled at 15 me min-I, 8. ticks. Volatiles collected by the concentrators were sepa-rated by high resolution, gas-liquid chromatography us-ing the technique described by Apps et al. (1987). Anal-yses were carried out on a Varian 3700 gas chromato-graph fitted with a dynamic solvent effect inlet, with a 25 m x 0,3 mm x 0,4 1-1-m methyl silicone capillary col-umn. The carrier gas was hydrogen with a linear velocity of 55 em s -I. The starting temperature of both inlet and column was 40 °C , the inlet was heated ballistically to 1 Pierce, Rockford, Illinois AGGREGATION PHEROMONES OF THE BONT TICK AMBLYOMMA HEBRAEUM 220 oc after 2,5 min and the column temperature was programmed at 5 °C min-1 after 6 min. The flame ionisa-tion detector sensitivity was 4 x 10-11 A mv-1 full scale deflection. If a peak appeared on chromatograms of tick samples and not on chromatograms from controls, and increased in area after 4 or more days feeding by the ticks it was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a Micromass 16F mass spectrometer with an electron energy of 70 e V and a source tempera-ture of 200 °C. Identities based on mass spectrum library searches were confirmed by comparison of retention times with those of reference compounds. 6,5 6 5 4 8' ...J 2 ' ,... / r- -"',' /""! ....... .. ,/ // ; \ ' ; -...,' .... / . ,. . ..... I ! I \.,./ •l ,, I. j' I I I j I; • • I I I , I i I;' ,~j I r . / r : _,,l . I . I. ; . :. ; : 'i ; t I t i : : . : : ; : I t . : ' • • : i I i : I i • : i : I i • : i : I i : : i : : : : I i • i i I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 No. of days atier ticks were placed on host FIG. 2 Time courses of emission of volatiles by feeding, male Ambly-omma hebraeum. The heavy and light lines represent 2 differ-ent series. The dashed lines plot 2-nitrophenol emissions, the solid lines plot benzaldehyde emissions and the dashed/ do~ lines plot 2-methyl propanoic acid emissions in each senes. RESULTS In only 2 cases did the glass cups and the ticks survive the rabbits' grooming long enough for the ticks to begin signalling. Three peaks showed a marked, progressive increase in area on the chromatograms of volatiles emitted by feeding ticks 4-6 days after the introduction of the ticks to the host (Fig. 2). These peaks were identi-fied by GC-MS as; 2-methylpropanoic acid [rnlz(intens-ity) 27(27 %), 29(6 %), 39(13 %), 41(40 %), 42(10 %), 43(100 %), 45(10 %), 55(4 %), 73(25 %),88(8 %)], benzaldehyde [m/z(intensity) 50(16 %), 51(33 %), 136 52(8 %), 74(6 %), 77(90 %), 78(15 %), 105(100 %), 106(94 %)] and 2- nitrophenol [rnlz(intensity) 30(7 %), 51(10 %), 53(16 %), 63(28 %), 64(26 %), 65(43 %), 81(19 %), 92(9 %), 93(13 %), 94(6 %), 109(24 %), 122(7 %), 139(100 %)]. Other peaks which appeared only in chromatograms from tick infested skm, and which showed transient increases, were identified as a series of short to medium chain fatty acids (Table I). TABLE 1 Fatty acids emitted intermittently by six male Amblyomma hebraeum while feeding on a rabbit and the days after attachment when they were detectable by dynamic solvent effect sampling and capillary gas-liquid chromatography n-butanoic 2-methyl butanoic n-pentanoic methyl pentanoic n-hexanoic n-heptanoic n-octanoic n-nonanoic Acid 0 DISCUSSION Days after attachment on which fatty acids were detectable 9, 11, 14 11, 14 11, 12, 13 13, 14 13, 14 14 14 14 Some of the compounds accumulated from areas of skin infested with ticks could have originated from the skin rather than being produced by the ticks themselves. Even if this was the case such compounds could still be attractive to ticks. Nevertheless the 3 compounds identi-fied as potential pheromones must have come from the ticks because they disappeared soon after the ticks had been removed, while the inflamed appearance of the skin remained the same. Additionally none of the 3 candidate signal compounds were collected from an area of skin to which 3 ticks remained attached for 6 days after they had died. The time between placing the ticks on the host and the first detection of 2-nitrophenol was 4 days in one series and 6 days in the other, 2-methylpropanoic acid was ftrst detected after 6 and 8 days and benzaldehyde after 7 and 8 days respectively. Rechav et at. (1977) ftrst detected aggregation around males after they had fed for 5 days. The apparent delay in the detection of volatiles in one of the present series may have been due to slow attachment of the ticks. In preliminary experiments some ticks had still not attached 24 h after they were placed on the host. There was no definite plateau in the emission of the 3 candidate signal compounds, while bioassays show a levelling off in aggregation after 8 days (Rechav et at. , 1977). This may have been due to a plateau of response to increasing signal strength, to a logarithmic relation-ship of response to signal intensity or to the failure of some ticks (approximately 10 %) to respond to signals of any strength. Rechav (1978) suggested that the aggregation signal in A. hebraeum was a mixture of 2 or more components and Rechav, Norval & Oliver (1982) demonstrated the exist-ence of species-specific and -non-specific aspects of the aggregation response in A. hebraeum and A. variegatum. Using extracts of 100 fed males SchOni et at. (1984) identified and bioassayed the volatile aggregation signal of A. variegatum. The latter tick employs 2-nitrophenol as a relatively long-range (100-200 mm) attractant. Mounting and clasping are stimulated by nonanoic acid and methyl salicylate in A. variegatum while 2-methyl propanoic acid and benzaldehyde have been found in A. hebraeum. The A. variegatum aggregation signal thus has a non-species-specific, long-range component and a species-specific short-range and contact component. In addition male A. hebraeum intermittently produce small amounts of nonanoic, and other medium chain, acids. This situation is compatible with Norval & Rechav's (1979) report of a weak response by A. variegatum to fed, male A. hebraeum in a bioassay based on attach-ment. It may also account for the occurrence of sterile, interspecific matings between these two species when no conspecific partners are available (Rechav et al., 1982). An analogous case of generalised long-range attraction coupled with species-specific short-range signals has been described for Hyalomma dromedarii and Hya-lomma anatolicum excavatum by Khalil, Sonenshine, Sallam & Homsher (1983). Gladney et al. (1974) have attracted female A. macu-latum to acaricides by using extracts of fed males, and the similar use of extracts of fed, male A. hebraeum has been demonstrated by Rechav & Whitehead (1978). Synthetic, rather than natural, attractants must be avail-able for such an approach to the control of ticks to be commercially viable. The identification provided here of 3 potential components of such a synthetic attractant is an additional step towards its formulation and possible large-scale application. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to Mr A. Spickett of the Tick Re-search Unit, Veterinary Research Institute, Onderste-poort for providing experimental animals. E. R. Rohwer, M. Centner and K. Lawson of the Institute for Chromatography, University of Pretoria made valuable contributions. 137 P.1. APPS, H. W. VIUOEN & V. PRETORIUS REFERENCES APPS, P. 1., PREroRIUS, V., LAWSON, K. L., ROHWER, E. R., CENTNER, M. R., VIUOEN, H. W. & HULSE, G., 1987. Trace analysis of complex organic mixtures using capillary gas-liquid chromatography and the dynamk solvent effect. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography and Chromatography Commu-nications 10, 122-127. GLADNEY, W. 1., GRABBE, R. R., ERNsr, S. E. & OEHLER, D. D., 1974. The gulf coast tick: evidence of a pheromone produced by males. Journal of Medical Entomology, 11,303-306. GoTim, R., 1987. Tick pheromones. OnderstepoortJournalofVeteri-nary Research, 54, 439-441. KHAUL, G. M., SONENSHINE, D. E., SALLAM, 0. A. & HOMSHER, P. I ., 1983. Mating regulation and reproductive isolation in t~ ticks Hyalomma dromedarii and H. anatolocum excavatum (Acan: Ixo-doidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 136-145. RECHAV, Y., WHITEHEAD, G. B. & KNIGHT, M. M., 1976. Aggrega-tion response of nymphs to e~eromone(s) produced by males of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch). Nature, 259,563-564. RECHAV, Y., PAROUS, H., WHITEHEAD, G. B. & KNIGHT, M. M., 1977. Evidence for an assembly pheromone(s) produced by males of the bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 14,71-78. RECHAV, Y. & WHITEHEAD, G. B., 1978. Field trials with phero-mone-acaricide mixtures for control of Amblyomma hebraeum. Journal of Medical Entomology, 71, 149-151. RECHAv, Y., 1978. Specificity in assembly pheromones of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical En-tomology, 15, 81~3. RECHAV, Y., NORVAL, R.A.I. & OLIVER, I. H., 1982. Interspecific malin~ of Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum (Acan: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 19, 139-142. SCHONI, R., HEss, E., BLUM, W. & RAMSTEIN, K., 1984. The aggre-gation-attachment pheromone of the tro(lical bont tick Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius (Acari, Ixodidae): ISOlation, identification and action of its components. Journal of Insect Physiology, 30, 613-618. WOOD, W. F., LEAHY, M.G., GALUN, R., PRFslWICH, G. D., MEIN-WAW, 1., PuRNELL, R. E. & PAYNE, R. C. , 1975. Phenols as pheromones of ixodid ticks: a general phenomenon? Journal of Chemical Ecology, l, 501-509. 

Aggregation pheromones of the bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum : identification of candidates for bioassay

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Aggregation pheromones of the bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum : identification of candidates for bioassay

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