A total of 23 kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, were shot at 2-month intervals from June 1983 to April 1984 in the Etosha Game Reserve in the north of South West Africa/Namibia. The parasite survey conducted on these animals yielded 2 cestode and 12 nematode species. Haemonchus vegliai and Cooperia neitzi were the most prevalent nematodes and occurred in 13 animals each, followed by Cooperia acutispiculum and an Onchocerca sp. (9 animals each). The remaining nematodes were present in 4 (17 %) or fewer of the antelope. C. neitzi was the most numerous nematode, a total of 3 564 being recovered from all the antelope, followed by C. acutispiculum (2 552) and H. vegliai (1 050). Individual total worm burdens varied from 4-1 326 with 2 kudu harbouring no worms. The mean burden of 399 worms was considered negligible. A single kudu was shot in the Namib-Naukluft Park in the south of the country. This animal harboured no parasites.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. 
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.lmchunu2014mn201

Anthonissen, M.

Boomker, Jacob

Horak, Ivan Gerard

The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. 
Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.A total of 23 kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, were shot at 2-month intervals from June 1983 to April 1984 in the Etosha Game Reserve in the north of South West Africa/Namibia. The parasite survey conducted on these animals yielded 2 cestode and 12 nematode species. Haemonchus vegliai and Cooperia neitzi were the most prevalent nematodes and occurred in 13 animals each, followed by Cooperia acutispiculum and an Onchocerca sp. (9 animals each). The remaining nematodes were present in 4 (17 %) or fewer of the antelope. C. neitzi was the most numerous nematode, a total of 3 564 being recovered from all the antelope, followed by C. acutispiculum (2 552) and H. vegliai (1 050). Individual total worm burdens varied from 4-1 326 with 2 kudu harbouring no worms. The mean burden of 399 worms was considered negligible. A single kudu was shot in the Namib-Naukluft Park in the south of the country. This animal harboured no parasites.lmchunu2014mn201

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Onderstepoort J. vet Res., 55,231-233 (1988) PARASITES OF SOUTH AFRICAN WILDLIFE. II. HELMINTHS OF KUDU, TRAGELA-PHUS STREPSICEROS, FROM SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA J. BOOMKER0 >, M. ANTHONISSEN(2> and I. G. HORAK(3) ABSTRACf BOOMKER, J., ANTHONISSEN, M. & HORAK, I. G., 1988. Parasites of South African wildlife. II. Helminths of kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, from South West Africa/Narnbia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 55,231-233 (1988) . A total of 23 kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, were shot at 2-month intervals from June 1983 to Aprill984 10 the Etosha Game Reserve in the north of South West Africa/Narnibia. The parasite survey conducted on these animals yielded 2 cestode and 12 nematode species. Haemonchus vegliai and Cooperia neitzi were the most prevalent nematodes and occurred in 13 animals each, followe~ by Cooperia acutispiculum and an Onchocerca sp. (9 animals each). The remaining nematodes were present 10 4 (17 %) or fewer of the antelope. C. neitzi was the most numerous nematode, a total of 3 564 being recovered from all the antelope, followed by C. acutispiculum (2 552) and H. vegliai (1 050). Individual total worm burdens varied from 4-1 326 with 2 kudu harbouring no worms. The mean burden of 399 worms was considered negligible. J:.. single kudu was shot in the Narnil:r-Naukluft Park in the south of the country. This animal harboured no parasites. INTRODUCfiON . As p~ of t~e ong?ing surveys of the helminth para-sttes of wdd ammals m southern and South Africa, para-sites were collected from 23 kudu shot in the Etosha Game Reserve in the north of South West Africa!Narni-bia. In addition, a single kudu was shot in the Namib-Naukluft Park in the south of the country. The helminth parasites of greater kudu have been listed by Round (1968), of which l trematode, a Cysti-cercus sp. (sic) and 9 nematode species occur in South Africa. None, however, are listed from these antelope in South West Africa!Namibia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Etosha Game Reserve (18° 30'-19° 30' S, 14° 22'-17° 10' E; altitude 1 100-1 366m) is situated in the north of South West Africa!Namibia. It is approximately 21 000 ha in extent and the vegetation consists of saline desert with a dwarf shrub savanna fringe and mopane savanna (Giess, 1971). During the period June 1983-April 1984 the total rainfall was 444,5 mm, most of ~hich fell betw~en November and April. The mean min-liilum and maxtmum temperatures varied from 5-27 oc during winter to 18-35 oc during summer. Frost seldom occurs. Apart from kudu, numerous other antelope species are present, as well as rhino, elephant, giraffe and carni-vores, such as lion, leopard, hyaena and jackal. Horses, do~eys. and mules were us~d in the reserve as transport ammals m the early days of tts establishment. Horses are still used to a limited extent by rangers on patrol, but no other domestic animals are present. Four kudu were shot on each occasion at 2-month intervals from June 1983-April 1984. However, only 3 antelope could be secured during February 1984. The antelope were not selected according to sex and 9 males and 14 females were randondy collected. One female kudu was shot in the Namib-Naukluft Park (22° 43' S; 16° 43' E), a region that includes both semi-desert and savanna transition (Giess, 1971). The lungs hearts and livers were processed for wonn recovery as described by Horak (1978 a). The abomasa, O> Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science Medical Uruversity of Southern Africa, P.O. Box 59, Medunsa 02M <Z> C~ntral Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Private Bag 13187, Windhoek 9000 <3> Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science Univer-sity of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort OliO ' Received 21 July 1988-Editor 231 the anterior 10 m of the small intestines and the large intestines were processed as described by Reinecke (1973). Separate aliquots each representing 1/25th of the volume of the ingesta of the abomasa, small intestines and the large intestines were processed as described by Reinecke (1973). Separate aliquots each representing 1 /25th of the volume of the ingesta of the abomasa, small intestines and large intestines were made and examined under a stereoscopic microscope. The adult wonns were cleared in lactophenol and examined by means of a stan-dard microscope. Where more than 1 species of a genus was present, the males were identified specifically, but not the females . Fourth stage larvae were identified to generic level only. REsULTS The helminths recovered from the kudu from the Etosha Game Reserve are listed in Table 1. Twelve nematode species and 2 cestodes were re-covered. In many instances only female wonns were present. The most prevalent wonns were Haemonchus vegliai and Cooperia neitzi each of which occurred in 13 animals, followed by Cooperia acutispiculum and an Onchocerca sp. (9 animals each). The most numerous wonn was C. neitzi (3 564), fol-lowed by C. acutispiculum (2 552) and H. vegliai (l 050). Fragments of Moniezia expansa were found in 1 animal and fragments of a Thysaniezia sp. in another. The smallest burden was 4 wonns and the largest 1 326, and 2 animals had no wonns at all. The bi-monthly individual, total and mean helminth burdens for each month in the different sexes are listed in Table 2. The mean burden over the entire period was 399 wonns. No wonns were recovered from the kudu shot in the Narnib-Naukluft Park. D ISCUSSION Several of the helminths recovered from the kudu in the Etosha Game Reserve are the same as those of browsing antelope from other regions (Boomker, Du Plessis & Boomker, 1983; Boomker, Keep, Flamand & Horak, 1984; Boomker, Horak & De Vos, 1986), namely H. vegliai, C. neitzi, C. acutispiculum and Impalaia tuberculata. A notable addition to the list is Cooperioides hamiltoni, found only in the kudu in the Etosha Game Reserve. C. hamiltoni was originally described from an impala, Aepyceros melampus, (Monnig, 1932, 1933) in which it PARASITES OF SOUTH AFRICAN Wll..DLIFE. III. TABLE 1 The helminths recovered from greater kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, from the Etosha Game Reserve, South West Africa!Namibia Helminth species Cestodes Moniezia expansa Thysaniezia sp. Nematodes Agriostomum sp. females Cooperia acutispiculum Cooperia neitzi Cooperia spp. females Cooperioides hamiltoni Cordophilus sagittus Haemonchus vegliai Impalaia nudicollis lmpalaia tuberculata Impalaia spp. females Paracooperia devossi Onclwcerca sp. Trichostrongylus falculatus Trichostronglylus tlwmasi Trichostrongylus spp. females # = Not found in kudu - = Not applicable Numbers of helminths recovered Number of animals Larvae Adults Total infested # Fragments - I # Fragments - 1 - 50 50 1 0 2 552 2 552 9 0 3 564 3 564 13 - 117 117 2 0 292 292 4 0 2 2 1 25 1 025 1 050 13 0 350 350 3 0 100 100 1 - 350 350 4 0 350 350 1 0 24 24 9 0 25 25 1 0 75 75 2 - 275 275 4 TABLE 2 Comparison of the total and mean helminth burdens of kudu of different ages and sexes from the Etosha Game Reserve Age group 0-12months 13-24 months 25--48 months 48 months+ Total Mean Sex June 1983 August 1983 October 1983 December 1983 February 1984 April1984 Total burden Mean burden - = No kudu of this age or sex shot * = Mean burden of 2 animals Male 350 978 255 --75 1 658 414 Female Male - -400 -ISO -0 -- -0 -550 0 138 0 commonly occurs (Horak, 1978 b; Horak & Bomnker, unpublished data, 1980). Black-faced impala are com-mon in the eastern part of Etosha, and the worms that were found in 4 of the kudu conceivably originated from them. This helminth should be regarded as an occasional parasite ofkudu. The fact that Agriostomum sp. females only were present, and that Trichostrongylus falculatus was recov-ered from 1 animal only, indicates that they are occasio-nal parasites of kudu in Etosha. Cordophilus sagittus is a defmitive parasite of the tragelaphine antelope and since only 2 adult parasites were recovered from 1 kudu we assume that either the parasite or its vector is not common in the Etosha Game Reserve. lmpalaia nudicollis was described from blesbok (Monnig, 1931) and has subsequently been found in a number of antelope (Boomker, 1977; Gibbons, Durette-Desset & Daynes, 1977; Horak, Meltzer & De Vos, 1982) as well as in warthog (Horak, Bi~gs, Hanssen & Hanssen, 1983). Apart from its taxononuc status, little is known about this parasite but it appears to be more com-mon in the drier western parts of southern Africa. Its presence in the kudu is probably due to cross-infestation from other antelope, but not from warthog in which it is considered an accidental parasite (Horak et al., 1983). monthly monthly Female Male Female Male Female burden burden 400 201 627 - - 1 578 395 1 326 - - 1 026 - 3 730 933 - - 76 578 - 1 059 265 *675 - 75 - - 1 425 356 4 - 129 577 - 710 237 - - - 550 50 675 169 3 080 201 907 2 731 50 9 177 616 201 227 683 50 232 An Onchocerca sp. was found in the connective tissue around the trachea and, as few were recovered, specific identification was not possible. Paracooperia devossi is a recently described nema-tode of bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus, in the Kruger National Park (Boomker & Kingsley, 1984). It has also been found in the same host in Natal (Boomker et al., 1984). Its occurrence in kudu in the Etosha Game Re-serve is unexpected because all the known species of Paracooperia of the tragelaphine antelope have been described from the wetter, eastern parts of the continent (Boomker, 1986). T. thomasi is an abomasal parasite of a number of antelope species (Horak et al., 1982; Horak, DeVos & Brown, 1983: Boomker et al., 1986). It replaces Trichostrongylus axei in regions where domestic rumi-nants do not occur. Its occurrence in kudu is probably due to cross-infestation from other antelope in the reserve. From Table 2 it can be seen that the greatest numbers of helminths occurred in kudu during August 1983, but as all the worm burdens are very low this need not necessarily reflect a seasonal trend. As the sample of animals examined is biased towards the females, no valid deductions can be made as to the helminth burdens in the different sexes. In the animals 0-12 months old, equal numbers of males and females of which were examined, more worms were recovered from the males. No clear pattern of infestation for the animals of different age groups is evident. ACKNOWLEDGEMENfS We should like to thank the Director, Department of A~culture and_ Nature Conservati_on, for placing the arumals at our disposal; Dr H. C. B1ggs, Central Veteri-nary Laboratory, Windhoek for making the necessary arrangements and the staff of the Etosha Game Reserve for assistance with the autopsies and parasite collections. REFERENCES BOOMKER, J., 1977. A revision of the genus Impalaia Monnig, 1924. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 44, 131-138. BOOMKER, J., DUPLESSIS, W. H. & BOOMKER, ELIZABETH A., 1983. Some helminth and arthropod parasites of the grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Onderstepoort Journal ofVeterinary Research, 51, 91-94. BOOMKER, J. & KINGSLEY, SHIRLEY A., 1984. Paracooperia devossi n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from the bushbuck Tragela-phus scriptus (Pallas, 1766). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 51,21-24. BOOMKER J., KEEP, M. E., FLAMAND, R. J. & HORAK, I. G., 1984. Helminths from miscellaneous antelope from some Natal game reserves. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 51, 253-256. BOOMKER, J. , HORAK, I. G. & DEVOS, V., 1986. The helminth parasites of various artiodactylids from some South African nature reserves. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 93-102. BOOMKER, J., 1986. Paracooperia horaki n. sp. (Nematoda: Tricho-strongylidae) from the nyala, Tragelaphus angasi Gray, 1849. Onderstepoort Journal ofVeterinary Research, 53, 161-165. GmBONS, LYNDA M., DURETIE-DESSET, MARIE-CLAUDE & DA YNES, P.: 1977. A re-..;iew of the genus Impalaia Monnig, 1923 (Nematoda: Tnchostrongyhdae). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compa-ree, 52, 435-446. 233 J. BOOMKER, M. ANfHONISSEN & I. G. HORAK GIESS, W., 1971 . A preliminary vegetation map of South West Africa. Dimeria , 4, 5-14. HORAK, I. G., 1978 a. Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. IX. Helminths in blesbok. Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research, 45, 55-58. HORAK, I. G., 1978 b. Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. X. Helminths in impala. Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research, 45 , 221-228. HORAK, I. G. , MELTZER, D. G. A. & DEVos, V., 1982. Helminth and arthropod parasites of springbok, Antidorcas marsupia/is, in the Transvaal and western Cape Province. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 49,7-10. HORAK, I. G., BIGGS, H. C., HANSSEN, TAMMY S. & HANSSEN, ROSE, E., 1983. The prevalence of helminth and arthropod parasites of warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus in South West Africa!Namibia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 50, 145-148. HORAK, I. G. , DEVOS, V. & BROWN, MOIRA R. , 1983. Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XVI. Helminth and arthropod parasites of blue and black wildebeest (Connochaetes tau-rinus and Connochaetes gnou). OnderstepoortJournal ofVeterinary Research, 50,243-255. MONNIG, H. 0., 1931. Wild antelopes as carriers of nematode para-sites of vertebrates. Part I. 17th Report of the Director of Veterinary Services and Anima/Industry, Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa, pp. 233-254. MONNIG, H. 0 ., 1932. New strongylid nematodes of antelopes (Preli-minary notes). Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association, 3, 171- 175. MONNIG, H. 0., 1933. Wild antelopes as carriers of nematode para-sites of domestic ruminants. Part ill. Onderstepoort Journal of Vet-erinary Science and Anima/Industry, 1, 77-92. REINECKE, R. K., 1973. The larval anthelmintic test. Technical Com-munication, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Repub-lic of South Africa, No. 106, pp. iii+ 20. RoUND, M. C., 1968. A check list of the helminth parasites of African mammals of the orders Carnivora, Tubulidentata, Proboscidea, Hy-racoidea, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. Technical Communica-tion of the Commonwealth Bureau of Helminthology, 38, pp. vi + 252. 

Parasites of South African wildlife. II. Helminths of kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, from South West Africa/Namibia

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Parasites of South African wildlife. II. Helminths of kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, from South West Africa/Namibia

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