The kinetic leaching behaviour of a low-grade surface gold ore and
a high-grade reef ore were evaluated to determine the achievable
gold recovery from these ores and particularly mixtures of these
ores. The reef ore material has a head grade of 13.40 g/t with a
relative standard deviation of 3%, and the unprocessed surface ore
material a head grade of 0.43 g/t with a relative standard deviation
of 15.6%. It is concluded that the kinetic leaching behaviour of
these free milling gold ores during cyanidation, is not influenced by
mixing of reef and surface ore material. No statistically significant
relationship exists between the achievable recovery by direct
cyanidation and the head grade of the material fed. No ideal ratio of
surface ore to reef ore could be established. It is recommended that
these materials should be processed simultaneously to minimize the
costs, security risks, and losses incurred in transportation.Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng
(Metallurgical Engineering)http://www.saimm.co.za/ai201

Groot, D.R.

Rademan, L.

Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng
(Metallurgical Engineering)The kinetic leaching behaviour of a low-grade surface gold ore and
a high-grade reef ore were evaluated to determine the achievable
gold recovery from these ores and particularly mixtures of these
ores. The reef ore material has a head grade of 13.40 g/t with a
relative standard deviation of 3%, and the unprocessed surface ore
material a head grade of 0.43 g/t with a relative standard deviation
of 15.6%. It is concluded that the kinetic leaching behaviour of
these free milling gold ores during cyanidation, is not influenced by
mixing of reef and surface ore material. No statistically significant
relationship exists between the achievable recovery by direct
cyanidation and the head grade of the material fed. No ideal ratio of
surface ore to reef ore could be established. It is recommended that
these materials should be processed simultaneously to minimize the
costs, security risks, and losses incurred in transportation.http://www.saimm.co.za/ai201

UPSpace at the University of Pretoria

JournalPaperIntroductionCurrently, at Gold Fields Ltd Kloof division asurface ore with typical head grade of 0.72 g/tis processed separately from a reef ore with atypical head grade of 6.84 g/t. The separateprocessing is considered an industrial problemas it results in excessive transportation costs,increased security risks, and losses due to thedouble handling of the material. The reef ore ishoisted at various shafts and processed atKloof No. 2 plant as shown in Figure 1, withthe implication of the transportation routesindicated. The surface ore is unprocessedstockpiled material that is processed at KloofNo. 1 Plant.    The separate processing of these ores is aresult of the kinetic leaching behaviour ofthese ores, and particularly mixtures of theseores, not being properly understood. It isbelieved that simultaneous processing of theseores results in decreased gold recoveries.However, if the kinetic leaching behaviour ofthese free-milling Witwatersrand gold ores canbe properly understood, the separateprocessing can possibly be minimized andeven eliminated. Consequently, the primaryaim of the investigation was to determine thekinetic leaching behaviour of these gold oresand particularly of mixtures of these ores. Gold resourcesSouth Africa has produced more than a thirdof the total world gold output and has been atop gold producer for many years. However, inmore recent years there has been a decrease inproduction due to deeper mining for lowergrades of gold. The gold ores that wereevaluated are from the Witwatersrand Basin,which is the largest gold deposit in SouthAfrica and has been mined for over 120years1. Gold ores can be classified according to thegold recovery achievable by direct cyanidationas free-milling, complex, or refractory asshown in Figure 2. Gold from free-milling goldcan easily be recovered by direct cyanidation,whereas complex gold ores reagentconsumption tends to increase due to highercopper and iron contents. Refractory gold oresrequire extensive pre-treatment prior tocyanidation for economical achievablerecoveries2. Experimental approachSamplingApproximately 80 kg of each ore was sampledfrom the respective conveyor at Kloof No. 1plant. The samples were collected at fourhourly intervals. The reef ore is hoisted fromthe shaft at a particle size of + 150 mm andwas crushed by a mini-jaw crusher on site to -100 mm. In order to prevent contamination ofCyanidation of reef and surface gold oresby L. Rademan*† and D.R. Groot†*Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B. Eng(Metallurgical Engineering)SynopsisThe kinetic leaching behaviour of a low-grade surface gold ore anda high-grade reef ore were evaluated to determine the achievablegold recovery from these ores and particularly mixtures of theseores. The reef ore material has a head grade of 13.40 g/t with arelative standard deviation of 3%, and the unprocessed surface orematerial a head grade of 0.43 g/t with a relative standard deviationof 15.6%. It is concluded that the kinetic leaching behaviour ofthese free milling gold ores during cyanidation, is not influenced bymixing of reef and surface ore material. No statistically significantrelationship exists between the achievable recovery by directcyanidation and the head grade of the material fed. No ideal ratio ofsurface ore to reef ore could be established. It is recommended thatthese materials should be processed simultaneously to minimize thecosts, security risks, and losses incurred in transportation.Keywordsleaching kinetics, gold, types of gold ores, cyanidation,Witwatersrand gold ores*† Department of Materials Science andMetallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria.© The Southern African Institute of Mining andMetallurgy, 2012. SA ISSN 0038–223X/3.00 +0.00. Paper received Feb. 2012; revised paperreceived Feb. 2011.295The Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy VOLUME 112          APRIL 2012 Cyanidation of reef and surface gold oresthe reef ore sample, the mini-jaw crusher was washed andsubsequently flushed with 5 kg of the collected sample. Thesurface ore enters the plant at a particle size -150 mm andcan be easily handled. Both the reef ore sample and surfaceore sample were dried and pulverized to 80 per cent passing75 µm, which is the optimal particle size for cyanidation. Thesamples were homogenized by a rotary splitter into 300 gunits from which the various feed mixtures were prepared. Experimental set-upA series of cyanidation tests with various feed mixtures inmultiples of 25 per cent was conducted in a 2 l glass reactoras shown in Figure 3. The reactor was fitted with anoverhead stirrer run at a rotational speed of 600 r/min, andwas closed with a lid that provided ports for the oxygensparger, the pH meter probe, and the dissolved oxygen probe.  Cyanide concentrations were determined by means oftitration with silver nitrate throughout each experiment. Theoxygen levels were maintained above 6.2 ppm and monitoredthroughout each experiment. The leaching parameters usedare shown in Table I.During preliminary test work, the sodium cyanideconcentration was determined as 200 ppm. By maintainingthe cyanide concentrations above 200 ppm it was possible toremain above the proposed level of 160 ppm even after the23-hour leach duration. Oxygen was used as opposed to airprimarily in order to selectively observe the effect of variousfeed mixtures on the kinetic leaching behaviour, as well as toimprove the stability of the conditions during the experiment.The use of air increases reagent consumption andconsequently causes instability in the experimentalconditions. The leaching time of 23 hours was chosen toallow for safe work within recommended working hours. ProcedureA slurry was prepared from 1 kg of feed mixture and 1 ldistilled water and subjected to a 1 hour pre-conditioningstage, during which the pH was adjusted to 11 and oxygensparged into the slurry. This improves oxygen levels duringthe experiments as well as minimizing the reagent296 APRIL 2012        VOLUME 112  The Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and MetallurgyFigure 1—The transportation Implications of separate processingFigure 2—Types of gold oresTable ILeaching parametersParameter Decision MotivationpH (minimum) 10.5 Prevent HCN (g) formationS : L 1:1 Plant conditionComplex agent (minimum) Sodium cyanide [NaCN] = 200 ppmOxidizing agent Oxygen Limit uncertaintyAlkaline medium Lime Plant conditionTime 23 h Practical condition4#7# & KP 2Main # & KP 1N12 (Potchefstroom)N12 (Johannesburg)Glen Harvie8#consumption. After the one hour preconditioning step aninitial sodium cyanide mass of 0.4 g was added and theexperiment was commenced. Kinetic sampling was conductedat 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, and finallyat 23 hours. A volume of 120 ml was withdrawn andimmediately filtered. The gold concentrations in the solutionswere analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Thefinal residue was washed and repulped prior to analysis suchto improve the recoveries. Both the accumulated residuesfrom kinetic sampling as well as the final residues from eachexperiment were evaluated for the amount of gold by fireassaying at Driefontein Laboratory. Each experiment wasduplicated for verification.Results and discussionThe expected low kinetic leaching behaviour of the surfaceore material and various mixtures thereof can be due only tovarying compositional effects within the two orecompositions. Plant personnel were of the opinion that mixing the reefand surface ore material led to poor gold recoveries. This ispossibly a result of slower leaching, which could be due todifferent compositions of the ores. This would result inincreased reagent consumption by the surface ore material,leading to decreased kinetic behaviour due to competingreactions as well as insufficient reagent being available forthe leaching of the gold particles. Consequently, the composi-tional effects, achievable gold recovery, and leaching kineticbehaviour were evaluated and compared for the two ores.Mineral compositionThe mineral composition of both the reef and surface oreswas determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis todetermine whether any compositional variations are presentwhich could influence the kinetic leaching behaviour. Theresults in Table II clearly indicate that these ores contain verylow sulphide levels present and are thus oxide gold ores.However, the severe effect of the presence of the sulphides onreagent consumption must not be ignored, even at these lowlevels. The two ores have very similar compositions withsome significant levels of iron and copper relative to that ofthe gold. The head grade for the reef ore and surface ore wasdetermined by fire assay, with the results indicated in Table III for five repeats. The reef ore material had an averagehead grade of 13.40 g/t with a relative standard deviation of3.11 per cent, which is acceptable as it remains within areasonable error margin below 5 per cent. However, thesurface ore had an average head grade of 0.43 g/t with arelative standard deviation of 15.60 per cent. This grade islower than that which was expected for this stockpiledmaterial. The large relative standard deviation determined forthe stockpiled material is a result of the difficulty in obtaininga representative sample from such a stockpile, which hasbeen created from a wide variety of material grades overmany years. The large relative standard deviation for thesurface ore holds implications for the interpretation of theresults found, as a large error margin is induced. Mass balanceA summary of the mass balance for each experiment isshown in Table IV which indicates the mass of gold in thefeed, the gold present in both the accumulated residues fromthe kinetic sampling, as well as the final residues, the lossesCyanidation of reef and surface gold oresJournalPaper297The Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy VOLUME 112          APRIL 2012 Figure 3—Schematic illustration of the experimental set-upTable IIXRF analysis results for both the reef ore andsurface orePhase Reef ore (%) Surface ore (%)SiO2 78.01 70.81Al2O3 9.14 15.75Fe2O3 5.14 4.88MnO 0.04 0.06MgO 4.20 2.71CaO 0.77 1.85Na2O 0.14 0.87K2O 1.15 1.87P2O5 0.05 0.06Cr2O3 0.06 0.03SO3 <0.01 0.49S 0.86 0.09CuO 0.01 <0.01Total 99.58 99.48Table IIIHead grade analysis for the reef ore and the surface oreAverage head grade (g/t) Standard deviation RSD (%)Reef ore 13.40 0.42 3.11Surface ore 0.43 0.07 15.60DO MeterNaCN & CaOAdditionsOverheadStirrerwith FlatBladeImpeller2 L Glass ReactorpH Meter ProbeDO Meter ProbeDO MeterOxygen SpargerpH MeterCyanidation of reef and surface gold oresto the solutions of the kinetic sampling and finally the goldpresent in the final solutions. The gold extraction withreference to the solids analysis was very good compared tothat which was expected. These recoveries clearly indicatethat the two samples are indeed free-milling gold ores. This isan important result as it indicates that it is highly unlikely forthe surface ore material to cause a decreased gold recoveryrate when blended with the reef ore material. The goldextractions based on the solution analyses show largerdiscrepancies to that which was expected and are not asreliable. However, the achievable gold recoveries remain withinreasonable limits at the 95% confidence interval (µ ±2σ) forthe identified relative standard deviation (RSD) of the feedmaterials. The discrepancies that are found are possibly aresult of unavoidable deterioration of the kinetic samplesprior to analysis. Severe deterioration of the reef materialkinetic solution samples was observed with time. The 95 percent confidence intervals as based on solution analyses forthe various feed mixtures are shown in Table V.  Figure 4 shows the rate of gold recovery curve for the 100per cent reef ore sample and the 100 per cent surface ore. Thegold recovery curves for the various mixtures follow thetypical shape as expected from literature. It is clear fromFigure 4 that the 100 per cent reef ore sample has a higherinitial leaching rate than was expected. The reason for this,however, is uncertain. It is important to note that the curvesare based on solution analyses, and as seen in Table IV theresults based on the solution analyses are less reliable thanthose based on the solids. Although the curves show arelatively high variance between the two ores, it is expectedthat if solid analyses were used that these curves would becloser to one another.  The rate of gold recovery curves for the various mixtureswere found to remain in between that of the 100 per cent reefand 100 per cent surface ore material, and are shown inFigure 5. The initial rate of leaching is again typically largeand decreases as time progresses similarly to the 100 per centreef and 100 per cent surface ore material.  From inspection of the achievable gold recoveries, shownin both the mass balances and the recovery curves, it can bededuced that the achievable gold recovery is independent ofthe material fed to the leaching test, irrespective of the ratioof reef to surface material. Again, it is important to note thatthe results as based on the solid analyses are situated veryclose to one another. Consequently, the kinetic leachingbehaviour is not influenced by the ratio of material fed andno ideal ratio of reef to surface ore mixture can be identifiedat this stage under the conditions of this test work. Otherfactors that may influence the kinetic leaching behaviourduring cyanidation could be the large quantities of both ironand copper, which are recovered in greater quantities thangold for all mixtures of reef and surface ore material fed tocyanidation tests.  298 APRIL 2012        VOLUME 112  The Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and MetallurgyTable IVSummary of mass balance for various feed mixtures investigatedSample description Aufeed (mg) Auresidue (mg) Au lossessolution (mg) Ausolution (mg) % Au(solids) % Au(volume)TD 7 – 100 S 0.43 0.01 0.13 0.56 98 129TD 8 – 100 S 0.43 0.02 0.12 0.43 96 99TD 6 - 25 R 3.35 0.21 0.82 3.52 94 105TD 10 - 25 R 3.35 0.10 0.84 3.41 97 102TD 6 - 50 R 6.70 0.42 1.56 5.73 94 86TD 9 - 50 R 6.70 0.27 1.39 5.75 96 86TD 9 - 75 R 10.05 0.88 1.99 8.27 91 82TD 10 - 75 R 10.05 0.33 1.12 6.74 97 67TD 7 - 100 R 13.40 0.48 2.60 10.53 96 79TD 8 - 100 R 13.40 0.36 2.83 11.38 97 85Table VRange for 95% confidence interval for the variousfeed mixturesSample description µ-2σ µ+2σ100 S 66 12825 R 70 12050 R 76 11475 R 82 106100 R 91 103Figure 4—The rate of gold recovery curves for the reef and surface oreLeaching kinetics The data was also evaluated in order to determine whetherthe first- order rate equation applies for the cyanidation teststhat were conducted. A log-log plot of the gold concentrationagainst the leaching rate revealed a straight line for each testwith a slope (n) and intercept (log K) as seen in Table VI. Therate constant, K, for the various mixtures shows a very goodrelationship to that provided in the literature. Typical rateconstants for Witwatersrand ores3 in the range of 0.4 h-1 to1.0 h-1. It is, however, clear that the slope, n, or the order ofthe reaction does not indicate first- order kinetics. In order to validate the above estimate for the order of thekinetic reaction, the integral method was used to evaluate thedata. The integral method enables the order of the reaction tobe determined dependent on the best fit of a straight linethrough the data points of the batch reactor leaching test4.Figures 6–8 show the straight line fit to the data for themixture containing 50 per cent reef ore and 50 per centsurface ore. These figures indicate that for the mixture of 50 per centreef ore and 50 per cent surface ore, the data are bestrepresented by a second- order kinetic reaction. Similar testswere done for all the mixtures used and the results areshown in Table VII.There is reasonable agreement between the twoapproaches. Unfortunately, the analyses are based on thesolution results, which are not as reliable as would bedesired. ConclusionIt can be concluded from the results shown that both theseores are indeed free-milling gold ores. Furthermore, that thekinetic leaching behaviour during cyanidation of theseCyanidation of reef and surface gold oresJournalPaperThe Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy VOLUME 112          APRIL 2012 299 Figure 5—The rate of gold recovery curves for various mixtures of reefand surface ore materialTable VIRate constants for the various mixtures of reef andsurface ore materialSample description Slope (n) Intercept (Log k) K (s-1) K (h-1)100 S 0.362 -3.889 0.0001 0.46525 R 0.353 -3.476 0.0003 1.20250 R 0.948 -3.463 0.0003 1.24075 R 1.005 -3.916 0.0001 0.437100 R 1.796 -4.063 0.0001 0.311Figure 6—The straight-line fit for the zero order reaction for the mixtureof 50 per cent reef ore and 50 per cent surface oreFigure 7—The straight line fit for the first- order reaction for the mixtureof 50 per cent reef ore and 50 per cent surface oreTable VIIThe order of the kinetic reaction for the variousmixtures of reef and surface oreSample description Order of the reaction100 S 025 R 050 R 275 R 2100 R 2Cyanidation of reef and surface gold oresWitwatersrand ores is not influenced by the various mixturesof reef and surface ore material, under the conditions of thistest work. No relationship was found between the head gradeof the feed material and the achievable recovery bycyanidation within the experimental uncertainties indicated.No ideal ratio could be established from the experimentaldata. Another effect that could influence the kinetic leachingbehaviour during cyanidation for these free-milling gold oresis the significant presence of the reagent consumers iron andcopper. It is recommended that simultaneous processing ofthe reef and surface ore material should be undertaken thetransportation costs, security risks, and losses due totransportation can be minimized and even eliminated. Themetallurgical accounting of the two plants will also benefit, asa decrease in undetermined material losses will result.  AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank both Gold Fields Ltd Kloofdivision and the University of Pretoria for their guidance andassistance throughout the project. References1. HANDLEY, J. World gold resources: production rises marginally whileconsumption is still in excess- Stocks at surface remain the big marketfactor. Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg, 1997.2. LA BROOY, S.R., LINGE, H.G., and WALKER, G.S. Review of gold extractionfrom ores. Minerals Engineering, vol. 7, no. 10, 1994. pp. 1213–1241. 3. NICOL, M.J., FLEMING, C.A., and CROMBERGE, G. The adsorption of gold ontoactivated carbon, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining andMetallurgy, vol. 84, no. 3, 1984. pp. 70–78.4. FOGLER, H.S. Elements of Chemical Reaction engineering. 2nd edn..Prentice Hall. 1992. pp. 200–205.     300 APRIL 2012        VOLUME 112  The Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and MetallurgyFigure 8—The straight line fit for the second- order reaction for themixture of 50 per cent reef ore and 50 per cent surface ore

Cyanidation of reef and surface gold ores

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Cyanidation of reef and surface gold ores

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