The invasive character of Rhipicephalus microplus was observed in Benin, the
second West-African country from which this ticks species has been collected after the
initial confirmed record in Ivory Coast in 2007. A cross-sectional study was carried out in
the Department of Mono to examine the presence of the tick R. microplus. The survey
covered 9 herds (villages) in an agro-ecological zone inhabited by agro-pastoralists,
including the State Farm of Kpinnou that imported Girolando cattle from Brazil. Almost
800 ticks were sampled from 36 cattle, on average four cattle per village. The morphological
identification revealed ticks of two different genera: Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma.
Rhipicephalus microplus was the only representative of the species previously
known as Boophilus or blue ticks. Its taxonomic identity was confirmed molecularly by
PCR–RFLP. A comparison was made with the situation of R. microplus in Brazil.The Belgian Development Cooperation (BDC) for the
financial support of this research project as part of a Masters programme offered by the Institute of Tropical
Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium.http://www.springerlink.com/content/100158/ab201

Adehan, R.

Adehan, S.

De Deken, Reginald

Lokossou, R.

Madder, Maxime

UPSpace at the University of Pretoria

1New foci of Rhipicephalus microplus in West AfricaM. Madder1,2, S. Adehan3, R. De Deken1,  R. Adehan4 and R. Lokossou51Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000Antwerp, Belgium2Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University ofPretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa, South Africa3 Ministère de l’Agriculture de l’Elevage et de la Pêche/CeRPA-OP/ Service RechercheDéveloppement, 03BP2900 Cotonou Route de l’Aéroport (Bénin)4 Université D’Abomey-Calavi/Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi (EPAC), Département deProduction Animale, 01 BP 2009 Cotonou (Bénin)5 Ministère de l’Agriculture de l’Elevage et de la Pêche/ Direction de l’Elevage, BP 2041 PK 0,5Cotonou Route de Porto-Novo (Bénin)Corresponding author:M. MadderInstitute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Animal Health, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000Antwerp, BelgiumDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University ofPretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa, South Africae-mail mmadder@itg.be; tel +32 3 247 63 97; fax +32 3 247 62 682AbstractThe invasive character of Rhipicephalus microplus was observed in Benin, the second West-African countryfrom which this tick species has been collected after the initial confirmed record in Ivory Coast in 2007. Across-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Mono to examine the presence of the tickRhipicephalus microplus. The survey covered 9 herds (villages) in an agro-ecological zone inhabited byagro-pastoralists, including the State Farm of Kpinnou that imported Girolando cattle from Brazil. Almost 800ticks were sampled from 36 cattle, on average four cattle per village.The morphological identification revealed ticks of two different genera: Rhipicephalus spp. and Amblyommaspp. Within the genus Rhipicephalus, R. microplus was the only representative of the species previouslyknown as Boophilus or blue ticks. Its taxonomic identity was confirmed molecularly by PCR-RFLP.A comparison was made with the situation of R. microplus in Brazil.Keywords:Cattle, Rhipicephalus, Boophilus, microplus, import, ticks, Benin, GirolandoIntroductionMalnutrition is one of the major problems faced by low-income countries like Benin. The limitedaccess to protein sources as milk and meat is one of the major reasons. Annually, Benin imports anaverage of 60 tons of meat and 40 000 tons of milk, leading to foreign exchange outflows estimatedat 21 million € for meat and 15 million € for milk (www.afdb.org).Several countries in the regions decided, as part of their national poverty reduction strategy, toimprove local cattle breeds by artificial insemination with imported semen or by importing liveexotic cattle breeds.3Recent publications (Madder et al., 2007, 2011) highlighted risk factors associated with the importof exotic cattle from tick-endemic areas; more precisely areas infested by the tick Rhipicephalusmicroplus, one of the most important cattle ticks in the world (Coetzer and Tustin, 2004, Angus,1996). Inappropriate, uncontrolled use of many chemical products has led to the selection ofresistant genotypes in many populations of R. microplus worldwide (Baffi et al., 2008, Beugnet etal., 1994), and could lie at the basis of the failure to free cattle for export of R. microplus. Inaddition, tick control in more susceptible and productive exotic or improved cattle-breeds oflivestock is cumbersome as Bos taurus cattle are much more susceptible to ticks and thereforerequire intensive and expensive chemical tick control compared to Bos indicus cattle (Jongejan andUilenberg, 2004). A cattle breed introduced from Brazil to mitigate protein production insufficiencyin both Ivory Coast and Benin is Girolando (Gir x Holstein). This cattle breed combines therusticity of Gir (Bos indicus) with the high milk yield of Holstein (Bos taurus) and is common in thesub-tropical areas in Brazil (Castilho et al., 2000, Cardellino, 2000).The objective of this paper is to examine the presence of R. microplus in one of the State Farms inKpinnou (Mono Department), to which a number of Girolando cattle were imported in November2004, and possible spillover from the State Farm to adjacent private farms.Materials and MethodsStudy areaThe sampling took place between October and November 2008. Eight villages were randomlyselected out of a total of 52 in the Department of Mono: Salahoué, Zoungbonou, Adjacomè,Ouèdèmè, Awamè, Sazouékpa, Akodéha and Tovi (see Figure 1). This department is one of thetwelve departments of Benin with a surface of approximately 1400 km2 and is situated in theSouthwestern part of the country, neighboring Togo. The department harbours one of the five state4farms (Kpinnou), which gives technical support to farmers of the department and to which theGirolando cattle imported from Brazil were brought.	Tick collectionIn each of the eight villages and in the state farm in Kpinnou, as indicated in Table 1, four bovineswere sampled with a total of 36 animals for the entire study. Predominantly, the predilection sites ofRhipicephalus (Boophilus) (blue) ticks were sampled but ticks obviously present on other areas ofthe body were also collected. Much care was taken to collect male ticks, as they are easier toidentify compared to female ticks. All ticks were removed with forceps and stored in individualvials per animal containing 70% alcohol until identification. A pencil written label containing date,farm, species, sex and age of the host was included in the vial. The geographic coordinates of eachfarm were registered using a hand-held GPS-receiver.Tick identificationThe collected ticks were first identified up to genus level using a stereomicroscope. OnlyRhipicephalus (Boophilus) (blue) ticks were further identified up to species level with a microscopeat magnification 100X). The main characteristics used for identification were the hypostomedentition, presence or absence of the ventro-internal protuberance bearing setae at the base of thepalps, shape of the adanal plates and their internal and external spurs and the presence of scalelikeexternal spurs on coxae 2 and 3 of the female ticks (based on the key of Matthysse and Colbo,1987).The identification of a subset of the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) ticks was confirmed molecularlyusing a PCR-RFLP test (Lempereur et al., 2010).5ResultsTick collectionIn total 756 ticks were collected from 36 cattle in nine different villages in the department of Mono.Two genera were identified morphologically: Amblyomma spp. (185 ticks) and Rhipicephalus spp.(571 ticks).  Among the Rhipicephalus spp. 405 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) (blue) ticks wereobserved, all belonged to the species: R. microplus.One anomalous tick was encountered showing a hypostome dentition of 4.5/4.5 instead of thenormal 4/4 characteristic for all African blue ticks, except for R. decoloratus. The extra denticalswere found on the postero-median site of the hypostome and were significantly smaller than theother denticles.For each of the villages, the microscopic identification of a few R. microplus ticks was confirmedmolecularly using a PCR-RFLP test. All ticks showed the typical profile of R. microplus aspresented in Lempereur and colleagues (2010).DiscussionSince 1999, Benin has implemented a national poverty reduction strategy for sustainable humandevelopment. From this, a range of strategic plans has evolved one of them being the PAFILAVproject (Milk and Meat Sectors Support Project). This Project falls within the Growth Strategy forPoverty Reduction (SCRP 2007-2009), which puts emphasis on diversification policies aimed ataccelerating economic growth, promoting good governance and strengthening the social sector inorder to support poverty reduction and sustainable human development.Within the PAFILAV project, one of the activities of the component “Improvement of milk andmeat production systems” aims at provision of improved genetic material to stockbreeders.In 2004, before the onset of the FAFILAV project, a first herd of Girolando cattle was imported to6the State Farm in Kpinnou, to evaluate its milk production capacity under local conditions beforeengaging in a large-scale import of this cattle breed, foreseen as one of the activities in thePAFILAV project.This preliminary survey revealed the presence of R. microplus in all 8 villages sampled in thedepartment of Mono. Considering the limited magnitude of this study, it can be stated that R.microplus is indeed present in the country but its spread over the country is not known yet.Moreover, the tick apparently displaced the local Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) (blue tick) species inthe study area and spread to neighbouring farms in the Department of Mono. More detailed studiesincluding a national distribution tick-survey are planned for 2011 and 2012 in an attempt to developa suitability map for R. microplus for the entire West-African region, fine-tuned with the Benintick-survey results.The import of Girolando cattle from Brazil in the State Farm in Kpinnou probably caused theintroduction of the pantropical blue tick, R. microplus, in Benin. Considering the time framebetween the initial import of Girolando cattle in November 2004 and the first sampling in October2008 of ticks in the department, we conclude that local conditions (habitat and host suitability) areideal for this tick to establish itself in this Department. This is not surprising since climaticconditions of the regions are within the requirements for the ticks’ survival and reproduction.A similar introduction of Girolando cattle in Ivory Coast also resulted in the establishment andwidespread occurrence of R. microplus ticks in the country (Madder et al., 2007, 2011). Initially itwas hypothesized that the spread of this tick would be limited and localized around the farms wherethe Girolando cattle were first introduced allowing eradication. However, the current situation andthe notorious acaricide resistance of this tick of Brazilian origin (Baffi et al., 2008, Li et al, 2005,Martins and Furlong, 2001, Mendes et al., 2011), eradication would be a time consuming andexpensive exercise similar to the eradication campaigns at the border between Mexico and Texas(USA) (Temeyer et al., 2004).7The speed, with which the replacement occurred in Ivory Coast, is alarming. If a similar scenariotakes place in Benin, displacement of local Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) ticks could be foreseen injust a few years, depending on the rate of cattle movement due to trade or transhumance. Ashighlighted in Madder et al. (2011), R. microplus is known for its invasive character anddisplacement capacities.In Brazil, R. microplus is know to cause enormous problems in the cattle industry: of the roughly200 million cattle, most of them as part of intensive breeding programmes, 99.9% is infested withR. microplus (Labruna, pers. comm.). An estimated loss of $1 milliard/year due to tick drugresistance, almost thirty years ago, must have almost doubled (Graf et al., 2004). The control of thetick is cumbersome in Brazil; the favourable climate for tick survival, acaricide resistance, andespecially the inappropriate use of acaricides forms the basis of unsuccessful control of the tick inthis but also many other countries. Recently, the beef sector shifted towards more tick-resistant zebubreeds because the tick problems are too difficult to control (Labruna, pers. comm.). Looking at thesimilar environmental conditions in coastal regions of West Africa and the poor resources forintensive tick control, the introduced tick R. microplus could become a major threat to livestockproduction in the region, especially when it survives in the more arid regions in the north.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the Belgian Development Cooperation (BDC) for the financialsupport of this research project as part of a Masters programme offered by the Institute of TropicalMedicine in Antwerp, Belgium. Also Nestor Ahomadegbe, herdsman at the state farm in Kpinnou isthanked for his assistance during the collection of field samples.8Figure 1: Situation of the collection sites. Left: department of Mono; right, Benin and 12 departments.9Table 1: Collection sites, dates and animals sampledNr. Village Geo-referenceDate ofcollectionNumber of animalssampledLongitude Latitude1-4 Kpinnou* 1.788083 6.566972 21/10/08 45 Salahoué 1.802444 6.600008 22/10/08 16 Salahoué 1.793972 6.604056 22/10/08 17 Salahoué 1.802556 6.608056 22/10/08 18 Salahoué 1.808250 6.599611 22/10/08 19 Adjacomè 1.726833 6.644028 23/11/08 110 Adjacomè 1.733000 6.646250 23/11/08 111 Adjacomè 1.729694 6.643917 23/11/08 112 Adjacomè 1.730194 6.646250 23/11/08 113 Zoungbonou 1.814028 6.560000 23/10/08 114 Zoungbonou 1.819833 6.546361 23/10/08 115 Zoungbonou 1.825000 6.570750 23/10/08 116 Zoungbonou 1.814611 6.556194 23/10/08 117 Tovi 1.846500 6.416669 20/10/08 118 Tovi 1.842694 6.419361 20/10/08 119 Tovi 1.850944 6.415944 20/10/08 120 Tovi 1.850944 6.420194 20/10/08 121 Akodéha 1.887389 6.476389 20/10/08 122 Akodéha 1.906361 6.496333 20/10/08 123 Akodéha 1.920500 6.455861 20/10/08 124 Akodéha 1.911611 6.455278 20/10/08 125 Sazouékpa 1.744000 6.591444 16/11/08 126 Sazouékpa 1.744806 6.588000 16/11/08 127 Sazouékpa 1.743111 6.591889 16/11/08 128 Sazouékpa 1.743111 6.593833 16/11/08 129 Ouèdèmè 1.682222 6.730833 16/11/08 130 Ouèdèmè 1.697194 6.675667 16/11/08 131 Ouèdèmè 1.681000 6.695361 16/11/08 132 Ouèdèmè 1.679222 6.706083 16/11/08 133 Awamè 1.665250 6.586444 23/11/08 134 Awamè 1.669389 6.610167 23/11/08 135 Awamè 1.663083 6.599139 23/11/08 136 Awamè 1.672139 6.609250 23/11/08 1* State farm10ReferencesAngus, B.M. 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New foci of Rhipicephalus microplus in West Africa

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New foci of Rhipicephalus microplus in West Africa

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