See part I at http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/125667Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was investigated across weather gradients in southern African members of the pill millipede genus Sphaerotherium. Body width was extracted from published material (1928) and used to compare interspecific variation in mean calculated volumes using a morphometric approach. Based on the formula for a sphere (4/3. π. r3), volume was calculated in seven given species. One relationship between
female volume and the lowest number of daily hours of sunshine (r=-0.63, Z score=-1.49, n=7, p=0.07) was established

Cooper, M. I.

Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository

International Journal of Engineering Science Invention Research & Development; Vol. IX, Issue 2, AUGUST 2022 www.ijesird.com, E-ISSN: 2349-6185  Mark Cooper ijesird, Vol. IX, Issue 2, AUGUST 2022/80  SIZE ACROSS WEATHER GRADIENTS IN PILL MILLIPEDES (DIPLOPODA): II. FEMALE VOLUME AND LOWEST NUMBER OF DAILY HOURS OF SUNSHINE (AVERAGE) M. I. Cooper* University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. *Correspondence: cm.i@aol.com, +27714620070.  Abstract- Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was investigated across weather gradients in southern African members of the pill millipede genus Sphaerotherium. Body width was extracted from published material (1928) and used to compare interspecific variation in mean calculated volumes using a morphometric approach. Based on the formula for a sphere (4/3. π. r3), volume was calculated in seven given species. One relationship between female volume and the lowest number of daily hours of sunshine (r=-0.63, Z score=-1.49, n=7, p=0.07) was established.  Keywords: Allometry, pill millipede, Rensch’s rule, Sphaerotherium. 1. INTRODUCTION Diplopoda is currently being studied concerning SSD, and intersexual differences are appearing in body mass, length, width, and leg dimensions in diverse taxa [8, 35, 36, 42, 44, 60, 64, 72]. Mensural differences may be detected in characters including sexual characteristics, urbanization, and hydraulic relations [4, 6]. Millipedes compare similarly with arthropods showing female-biased or reversed SSD [11-33]. Sexual dimorphism can determine reproductive events [1, 11-33, 65]. The relationship between body size and SSD can either be hypoallometrical or hyperallometrical if there are decreasing or increasing rates of SSD with increases in body size [11-33, 57, 58, 65]. This rule is often attributed to non-natural selection [2, 7, 9, 34]. The corroboration of the rule includes pill millipedes [33].  Sexual dimorphism and male and female volume in pill millipedes with 60 or more species are investigated [33]. Males and females can conglobate, or, roll into a ball [71]. Like other millipedes, these pill millipedes have female-biased SSD [11-33]. Specific relationships with weather gradients were investigated here. Specific relationships between male volume, female volume, and the weather were investigated here.  2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven pill millipedes' (1) body width (mm) was extracted from published data [3] and males were compared to females with a matched-pairs test. Total body size estimated from horizontal dorsal tergite. SSD was taken to be female volume divided by male volume with an index and subtraction of one [46]. A model was given [51]. Absolute male and female volumes were calculated.  2.1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS  SSD is compared across weather gradients at https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/correlation-coefficient-calculator.php.  Weather gradients were obtained at https://en.climate-data.org/africa/south-africa.   3. RESULTS In seven measurements of mean female volume, it was related to  The lowest number of daily hours of sunshine (average) r=-0.63247432, Z score=-1.49105894, n=7, p=0.06797304 (Figure 1). International Journal of Engineering Science Invention Research & Development; Vol. IX, Issue 2, AUGUST 2022 www.ijesird.com, E-ISSN: 2349-6185  Mark Cooper ijesird, Vol. IX, Issue 2, AUGUST 2022/81   Figure 1. Relationship between female volume and lowest number of daily hours of sunshine (average). 4. DISCUSSION SSD showed a linear relationship or correlation here typical and new of taxa with reversed SSD [5, 10, 41, 43, 45, 46-50, 52-56, 59, 61-63, 65-66]. Female volume showed a linear relationship with weather gradients. S. punctulatum has the greatest volume of the seven sampled species and occurs in the lowest number of daily hours of sunshine (average). S. tenuitarse has the smallest volume and occurs in the least low number of daily hours of sunshine (average).  Identification of SSD across weather gradients is generated without a phylogenetic approach [67, 69, 70]. As many pill millipedes are arboreal one may also imply interspecific competition as a driver of SSD [33]. The new relationship proposed between SSD/size and the lowest number of daily hours of sunshine (average) is an opportunity to increase the sample sizes given. Principal filling of the gap between the most and least dimorphic species across latitude is required to increase the significance of these relationships through precision and accuracy means it may not have any genetic grounding it does seem interesting as it questions the causality of SSD. It is most likely that the relationship that has evolved has done so through natural or sexual selection. 5. 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SIZE ACROSS WEATHER GRADIENTS IN PILL MILLIPEDES (DIPLOPODA): II. FEMALE VOLUME AND LOWEST NUMBER OF DAILY HOURS OF SUNSHINE (AVERAGE)

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SIZE ACROSS WEATHER GRADIENTS IN PILL MILLIPEDES (DIPLOPODA): II. FEMALE VOLUME AND LOWEST NUMBER OF DAILY HOURS OF SUNSHINE (AVERAGE)

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