The aim of this investigation was to determine the gain and slaughter quality of the kids of the domestic Balkan goat and its crossbreeds with alpine breed

All male kids (from domestic Balkan breed and F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed) were fed and maintained in the same conditions. After the slaughter, the measurements of each carcass, were made. The results show significant differences in birth weight of domestic Balkan breed (3,24 kg) and F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed (2,67 kg). Dressing percentage was found lower (51,94%) with pH1 6,56 and pH2 5,90 in domestic Balkan kids compared to Alpine kids (57,61%) with pH1 6,40 (pH of hot carcass) and pH2 5,76 (pH of cold carcass). Muscle tissue in three rib cut of kids was 49,46 %, fat tissue 17,35% and bones 33,19% in domestic Balkan kids. Muscle tissue from F1 crossbreeds was 55,57%, fat tissue 18,19% and bones 26,54%

Dimitrovski, Zoran

Josevska, Elena

Kuzelov, Aco

Stojanovski, Mitre

UGD Academic Repository

Science & Technologies  Volume II, Number 3, 2012  Natural & Mathematical science 14 INFLUENCE OF THE BREED ON THE GAIN AND SLAUGHTER QUALITY OF THE KIDS MEAT  Elena Joševska, Mitre Stojanovski, Aco Kuzelov Zoran Dimitrovski University „St. Kliment Ohridski“ Faculty of Biotechnical sciences, Partizanska, b.b.7000, Bitola, Macedonia,  University „St Goce Delcev “ Faculty of agricultural sciences, Goce Delcev, 89, 3000, Štip, Macedonia  Corresponding author: elena.josevska@uklo.edu.mk  ABSTRACT The aim of this investigation was to determine the gain and slaughter quality of the kids of the domestic Balkan goat and its crossbreeds with alpine breed All male kids (from domestic Balkan breed and F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed) were fed and maintained in the same conditions. After the slaughter, the measurements of each carcass, were made. The results show significant differences in birth weight of domestic Balkan breed (3,24 kg) and F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed (2,67 kg). Dressing percentage was found lower (51,94%) with pH1 6,56 and pH2 5,90 in domestic Balkan kids compared to Alpine kids (57,61%) with pH1 6,40 (pH of hot carcass) and pH2 5,76 (pH of cold carcass). Muscle tissue in three rib cut of kids was 49,46 %, fat tissue 17,35% and bones 33,19% in domestic Balkan kids. Muscle tissue from F1 crossbreeds was 55,57%, fat tissue 18,19% and bones 26,54%.  Key words: kids, birth weight, carcass yield, meat tissue  Introduction  Kid's meat lately occupies an important place in the diet of the population, due to its high biological value. Interest in the production of meat comes from expressed fertility of goats. The Republic of Macedonia continue to dominate in the breed structure of the domestic Balkan goats (80%). There is also a large number of strains of Balkan goats, crossbreeds of different breeds, as well as crossbreeds of Balkan goats and noble breed.   Balkan goat breeding in the last decade, mainly carried out in the direction of improving production of goat meat and milk, as a breed are often used Alpina and Saanen which boasts not only a good genetic potential for milk production and high fertility. In most European countries slaughters goats with small body mass (9-14 kg), is considered a specialty and achieves a high price. The young kids has certain advantages over other types of meat, especially in a small amount of fat and light digestion (Mioč, 1998). Research suggests that goat production, especially goat meat, could be very lucrative due to its market demand, which in most European countries, then in the U.S. (Glimp et al., 1986), Canada (Bishop, 1991), Mexico (Mercado et al., 1991) exceeds the offer. Development of goats to be moving in the direction of increasing milk and meat production over the growing number of kids in the flock. Because of that fact that the kids give the biggest and best amount of meat, the objective of this research was to study qualitative and quantitative characteristics of domestic Balkan goats meat and meat from F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed.  Materials and methods    Investigations were conducted in villages in the municipality of Bitola in the Republic of Macedonia in different flocks of goats private breeders.   As a material used for testing was 10 male kids from domestic Balkan goats and 12 male kids from F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed, of average age of 114 days prior to slaughtering, placed under the same conditions, care and nutrition. The nutrition diet for kids trough the tested period was suckling and pasture. The growth of kids were followed individual Science & Technologies weighing in the balance of precision 0,05 kg every 10 days from birth to the slaughter. Slaughter was performed with classical method of treatment: bleeding, separation of the skin and the lower parts of feet, extracting intestines. Immediately after slaughter are weighing individual organs (the stomach and intestines, liver, heart,) skin, feet, horns, and the rest of the body. Carcasses were cut into sides along the spine according to Rulebook on quality of meat from slaughter livestock, poultry and wild game, (Official Gazette of R. M., No. 29/74). Three rib cut, which included 9th, 10th and 11th rib, was separated from the back, and dissected in order to separate tissues, muscle, fat, and bone tissues. The pH was evaluated immediately after slaughter (pH1) and 24h (pH2) postmortem in the MLD (Musculus Longissimus dorsi) between 13th and 14th rib, using a pH meter equipped with a penetrating electrode and thermometer, model ''testo'' 205.  Simple correlation between mentioned traits were calculated using a PC and the LSMLMW program (Harvey,1990), while strength of correlations was determined according to the Roemer-Orphal classification (Latinović,1996). The statistical significance of the effect considered was evaluated by means of the variance analysis at the level of 0.05 and 0.01. The variations between each mean value were also tested by applying the t-test.   Results and discussion  Birth weight of kids from domestic Balkan goats and F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed are shown in Table 1.  Table1. Kid's birth weight, kg  Parameters  F1 crossbreeds kids between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed                    Kids from Balkan goats N 12 12 x  3,24 2,67 Sd 0,46 0,67 S x  0,13 0,21 Min 2,50 1,80 Max 3,80 3,60 Cv 14,04 25,77  The average birth weight of F1 crossbreeds kids (3,24 kg), was higher than the birth weight of domestic Balkan goats (2,67 kg). The above difference in weight between breed was statistically significant (p <0.05). The reason is the influence of breed on birth weight. Moving body weight gain and kids with 114 days of age are shown in Table 2. F1 crossbreeds kids had significantly higher body mass (15,97 kg), with variations reported by the absolute minimum and maximum weight (12,00 – 21,80 kg), daily gain was 118,84 g, a total increase of 114 days to slaughter was 12,75 kg. Body weight of domestic Balkan goat kids was (10,84 kg), with variations reported by the absolute minimum and maximum weight (8,80 - 14,90 kg), daily gain was 71,70 g, a total increase to 114 days slaughter was 8,17 kg. Higher body weight from F1 crossbreeds is the result of greater average daily gain than those achieved Balkan goats. Differences in body weight and increase the race is statistically significant  (p <0.001).  In both breed's is expressed a positive correlation between birth weight and body weight of kids where the correlation coefficient is r1 = 0,096, r2 = 0,156. Alpina kids body weight after slaughter was 9,43 kg or 5,78 kg in the domestic Balkan goat kids. Slaughter indicators of kids are shown in Table 3.  Share accounted feet to 3,18%, skin 8,92%, stomach and intestine 21,42% from live weight of alpina, the head of 4,92%, 0,65% heart, liver 3,34% and 1,16% cresle. Similar results were determined with the slaughter of domestic Balkan goats, with the proportion of liver 2,91% and  Volume II, Number 3, 2012  Natural & Mathematical science 15 Science & Technologies 0,85% of cresle were less. The stomach and intestines accounted for 24,45%, feet 3,83%, skin 9,33%, 6,00% head, the heart of 0,51%.  Table 2. Body weight (kg) and kids growth (kg) Parameters x  Sd S x  min Max cv F1 crossbreeds kids between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed Body weight 15,97 2,55 0,74 12,00 21,80 15,94 Overall growth 12,75 2,51 0,73 8,70 18,10 19,69 Kids from domestic Balkan goats Body weight 10,84 1,72 0,54 8,80 14,90 15,86 Overall growth 8,17 1,75 0,55 7,30 11,70 21,42  Table 3. Slaughter indicators of kids Parameters  F1 crossbreeds kids between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed Kids from domestic Balkan goats            kg % kg % Body weight by slaughter 15,97 100,00 10,84 100,00 Hot carcass weight with internal organs 9,43 59,78 5,78 53,55 Cold carcass weight with internal organs  9,11 57,61 5,61 51,94 Stomach and intestines 3,36 21,42 2,60 24,45 Feet 0,50 3,18 0,41 3,83 Skin 1,40 8,92 1,00 9,33 Head 0,76 4,92 0,64 6,00 Heart 0,10 0,65 0,05 0,51 Liver 0,53 3,34 0,31 2,91 Cresle 0,18 1,16 0,09 0,85  Hot carcass weight with internal organs from F1 crossbreeds kids was 59,78%, pH1 measured after slaughter was 6,40. Hot carcass weight with internal organs from the domestic Balkan goats was 53,55% and pH1 measured after slaughter was 6,56. Cold carcass weight with internal organs after 24 hours refrigeration at F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed was 57,61% and measured pH2 which amounted to 5,76, and yield of cold body after 24 hours of cooling at domestic Balkan goats was 51,94% and measured pH2, which amounted to 5,90. The mean pH1 values of meat from bought breed (6,40 – 6,56) and pH2 (5,76 – 5,90) considered optimal for high-quality goat meat (Dhanda et al.,2003). Our results are nearly identical with the results of which indicate (Mioč, 1998) of 57,5%, for alpina kids, and (Živković and Knežević, 1991) of 50,1% (Memiši et al., 2004) of 58,26%, 45,23% yield for Balkan kids. Yield is quite variable and depends on two groups of factors: factors which effect before slaughter (genetics, body weight, breed, diet, the period of slaughter, sex, health status) and factors which affect after slaughter (technological processing of slaughter and cooling). The tissue share (muscle : bone : fat) of kids meat is shown in Table 4.  Volume II, Number 3, 2012  Natural & Mathematical science 16 Science & Technologies  Volume II, Number 3, 2012  Natural & Mathematical science 17 Table 4. Share and ratio of tissues in three rib cut of kids  Breeds Muscle tissue (%) Bone tissue (%) Fat tissue (%) F1 crossbreeds kids 55,27 26,54 18,19 Kids of domestic Balkan goats 49,46 33,19 17,35 In our investigation determined the value of muscle tissue from F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed was 55,27% and 49,46% of the domestic Balkan goat kids. The difference of 5,81% occurs in bone tissue, or 6,65% of fat in favor alpina kids. These differences indicate that breed has an impact on the tissue composition of kid's meat, because they are significant and statistically significant (p <0.01).  Conclusion Based on test results set from carcass traits of domestic Balkan goats and F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed, can perform the following conclusions: The average birth weight of F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed was 3,24 kg and was statistically higher than the birth weight of domestic Balkan kids, which amounted to 2,67 kg (p < 0.05).  Larch F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed, had significantly higher body weight of 15,97 kg than domestic Balkan kids 10,84 kg, and hight average daily gain to 114 days (118,84g : 71,70g) and (p < 0,001).   In both breed's is expressed a positive correlation between birth weight r1 = 0,096 and body weight with correlation coefficient r2 = 0,156. Carcass yeld from F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed, is higher than the carcass yield for the Balkan kids (59,78% : 53,94%), and the yield of cold carcass weight after 24 hours of cooling (57,61% : 51,94%). The average weight of the liver and the cresle at F1 crossbreeds was higher than those in the Balkan kids. Slightly higher concentrations stomach and intestines, feet, skin and head were determined by the domestic Balkan kids.  F1 crossbreeds between domestic Balkan breed and Alpine breed were significantly higher     (p<0.05 and p<0.01) proportion of meat (muscle tissue) from the domestic Balkan kids (55,57% : 49,46%) and adipose tissue (18,19% : 17,35%).   References 1. BISHOP S. (1991): Goat meat marketing and opportunities in Canada. In: T.H. the (Ed.) National Symp. on Goat Meat Production and Markenting., Tulsa, OK. p 33. 2. DHANDA J. S., TAYLOR D. G., MURRAY P. J. (2003): Part 1. Growth, carcass and meat quality parameters of male goats; effects of genotype and liveweight at slaughter. Small Rumin. Res. 50 (2003), 57-66. 3. GLIMP H. A., OSPINA E., YAZMAN J. (1986): Strategies for expanding goat meat production, processing and marketing in the Southeastern U.S. Winrock International, Morrilton, AR. p. 58. 4. HARVEY W. R. (1990): Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Lidelihood Computer Program. User`s Guide for LSMLMW and MIXMDL. 5. LATINOVIĆ D. (1996): Populaciona genetika i oplemenjivanje domaćih životinja. Praktikum, Beograd. 6. MEMIŠI N., BAUMAN F., PAVLOV B. (2004): Uticaj ishrane na tovna i klanična svojstva jaradi domaće balkanske koze. Zbornik naučnih radova XVIII savetovanje agronoma, vetrerinara i tehnologa 10 (2): 101.  7. MERCADO R., HANSELKA W. C., PASCHAL C. J. (1991): Spanish goat production in South Texas. Texas Agric. Ext. Service Circular 1M-4 -91. College Station. 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Influence of the Breed on the Gain and Slaughter Quality of the Kids Meat

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