Hutchison, Sara

Perrig-Chiello, Pasqualina

Spahni, Stefanie

Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS)

The	  Na'onal	  Centres	  of	  Competence	  in	  Research	  (NCCR)	  are	  a	  research	  instrument	  of	  the	  Swiss	  Na'onal	  Science	  Founda'on	  The	  13th	  European	  Congress	  of	  Psychology	  Stockholm,	  Sweden	  9-­‐12	  July	  2013	  The	  13th	  European	  Congress	  of	  Psychology	  Stockholm,	  Sweden	  9-­‐12	  July	  2013	  ! Depressive(symptoms( Loneliness( Life(satisfaction(Predictor! Model!1! Model!2! Model!3! Model!4! Model!1! Model!2! Model!3! Model!4! Model!1! Model!2! Model!3! Model!4!Personal)factors! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Age! !!!!!.01! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.10! !!!!4.03! !!!4.01! !!!4.10+! !!4.10+! !!4.05! !!!!!.08! !!!!!!.17**! !!!!!.17**! (((((.15*(Gender!(1,!female;!2,!male)! !!!!4.06! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.09! !!!!4.04! !!!!.16*! !!!!.13*! !!!!.13*! !!!.17**( !!!!4.05! !!!!!4.00! !!!!4.02! !!!!4.02!Educational!Level!(1!4!6)! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.04! !!!!4.04! !!!!4.06! 4!!!.02! !!!!.05! !!!!.06! !!!.03! !!!!!.09! !!!!!!.02! !!!!!.00! !!!!!.02!Extraversion!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.09! !!!!4.10! ! !!!4.17**! !!!4.17**! !!8.17**( ! !!!!!.16**! !!!!!.16**! !!!!!.15*(Neuroticism!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!!.34***! !!!!!.34***! (((((.31***( ! !!!!.15**! !!!!.15**! (((.13*( ! !!!!4.09! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.08!Agreeableness!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.00! !!!!4.03! ! !!!4.15**! !!!4.15**! ((8.16**( ! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.01!Conscientiousness!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!4.15**! !!!!4.15**! ((((8.12*( ! !!!4.02! !!!4.01! !!4.01! ! !!!!!.01! !!!!4.01! !!!!!.00!Openness!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!!.10! !!!!!.10! !!!!!.05! ! !!!!.06! !!!!.06! !!!.03! ! !!!!!.06! !!!!!.05! !!!!!.08!Resilience!(1!4!7)! ! !!!!4.28***! !!!!4.29***! ((((8.24**( ! !!!4.32***! !!!4.32***! !!8.29***( ! !!!!!.29***! !!!!!.27***! (((((.25***(Contextual)factors) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Marital!happiness!(1!4!10)! ! ! !!!!!.15*! !!!!!.12+! ! ! !!!!.05! !!!!.02! ! ! !!!!4.10! !!!!4.06!Spousal!support!(1!4!5)! ! ! !!!!4.05! !!!!4.09! ! ! !!!4.05! !!!4.08! ! ! !!!!!.21**! (((((.23***(Expectedness!(1,!sudden;!2,!foreseen)! ! ! ! !!!!4.01! ! ! ! !!!4.03! ! ! ! !!!!4.03!Emotional!valence!(1!4!10)! ! ! ! ((((8.17**( ! ! ! !!!8.21***( ! ! ! (((((.20***(Social!support!(1,!yes;!2,!no)! ! ! ! !!!!!.00! ! ! ! !!!4.04! ! ! ! !!!!4.01!Time!since!loss! ! ! ! ((((8.20**( ! ! ! !!!4.09! ! ! ! !!!!!.00!R2! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.31! !!!!!.32! !!!!!.38! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.27! !!!!!.27! !!!!.32! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.20! !!!!!.23! !!!!!.27!Adjusted!R2! !!!!4.00! !!!!!.28! !!!!!.29! !!!!!.34! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.25! !!!!!.24! !!!!.29! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.18! !!!!!.20! !!!!!.23!Change!in!R2! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.30! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.06! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.25! !!!!!.00! !!!!.05! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.19! !!!!!.03! !!!!!.03!F!(change)! !!!!!.88! !16.97! !!!2.63! !!!5.29! !!!2.30! !16.31! !!!!!.50! !!5.70! !!!1.51! !11.09! !!!5.91! !!!3.17!df) 3,!242! 6,!236! 2,!234! 4,!230! 3,!299! 6,!293! 2,!291! 4,287! 3,!293! 6,!287! 2,!285! 4,!281!p) !!!.455! !!!.000! !!!.074! !!!.000! !!!.077! !!!.000! !!!.606! !!.000! !!!!.212! !!!.000! !!!.003! !!!.014!Standardized!coefficients!(Β)!are!reported.!***!p!<!.001,!**!p!<!.01,!*!p!<!.05,!+!p!<!.06.!    ! Depressive(symptoms( Lon line s( Life(satisfaction(Predictor! Model!1! Model!2! M del!3! Model!4! Model!1! Model!2! Model!3! Model!4! Model!1! Model!2! Model!3! Model!4!Personal)factors! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Age! !!!!!.01! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.10! !!!!4.03! !!!4.01! !!!4.10+! !!4.10+! !!4.05! !!!!!.08! !!!! !.17** !!!!!.17** (((((.15*(Gender!(1,!female;!2,!male)! !!!!4.06! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.09! !! 4.04! !!!!.16*! !!!!.13*! !!!!.13*! !!!.17**( !!!!4.05! !!!!!4.00! !!!!4.02! !!!!4.02!Educational!Level!(1!4!6)! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.04! !!!!4.04! !!!!4.0 ! 4!!!.02! !!!!.05! !!!!.06! !!!.03! !!!!!.09! !!!! !.02! !!!! .00! !!!! .02!Extraversion!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.09! !! !4.10! ! !!!4.17**! !!!4.17**! !!8.17**( ! !!!!!.16** !!!!!.16** !!!!!.15*(Neuroticism!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!!.34***! !!!!!.34***! (((((.31***( ! !!!!.15**! !!!!.15**! (((.13*( ! !!!!4.09! !!!!4.08! !!!!4.08!Agreeableness!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.00! ! ! 4.03! ! !!!4.15**! !!!4.15**! ((8.16**( ! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.01!Conscientiousness!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!4.15**! !!!!4.15**! ((((8. 2*( ! !!!4.02! !!!4.01! !!4.01! ! !!!!!.01! !!!!4.01! !!!! .00!Openness!(1!4!5)! ! !!!!!.10! !!!!!.10! !!!!!.05! ! !!!!.06! !!!!.06! !!!.03! ! !!!!!.06! !!!! .05! !!!! .08!Resilience!(1!4!7)! ! !!!!4.28***! !!!!4.29***! ((((8.24**( ! !!!4.32***! !!!4.32***! !!8.29***( ! !!!!!.29*** !!!!!.27*** (((((.25***(Contextual)factors) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Marital!happiness!(1!4!10)! ! ! !!!! .15*! !!! !.12+! ! ! !!!!.05! !!!!.02! ! ! !!!!4.10! !!!!4.06!Spousal!support!(1!4!5)! ! ! !!!!4.05! !!! .09! ! ! !!!4.05! !!!4.08! ! ! !!!!!.21** (((((.23***(Expectedness!(1,!sudden;!2,!foreseen)! ! ! ! !!!4.01! ! ! ! !!!4.03! ! ! ! !!!!4.03!Emotional!valence!(1!4!10)! ! ! ! ((((8. 7**( ! ! ! !!!8.21***( ! ! ! (((((.20***(Social!support!(1,!yes;!2,!no)! ! ! ! ! !!!.00 ! ! ! !!!4.04! ! ! ! !!!!4.01!Time!since!loss! ! ! ! ((((8.20**( ! ! ! !!!4.09! ! ! ! !!!!!.00!R2! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.31! !!!!!.32! !!!!!.38! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.27! !!!!!.27! !!!!.32! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.20! !!!!!.23! !!!!!.27!Adjusted!R2! !!!!4.00! !!!!!.28! !!!!!.29! !!!!!.34! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.25! !!!!!.24! !!!!.29! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.18! !!!!!.20! !!!!!.23!Change!in!R2! !!!!!.01! !!!!!.30! !!!! .02! !!!!!.06! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.25! !!!!!.00! !!!!.05! !!!!!.02! !!!!!.19! !!!!!.03! !!!!!.03!F!(change)! !!!!!.88! !16.97! !!!2.63! !!!5.29! !!!2.30! !16.31! !!!!!.50! !!5.70! !!!1.51! !11.09! !!!5.91! !!!3.17!df) 3,!242! 6,!236! 2,!234! 4,!230! 3,!299! 6,!293! 2,!291! 4,287! ,!293! 6,!287! 2,!285! 4,!281!p) !!!.455! !!!.000! !!!.074! !!!.000! !!!.077! !!!.000! !!!.606! !!.000! !!!!.212! !!!.000! !!!.003! !!!.014!Standardized!coefficients!(Β)!are!reported.!***!p!<!.001,!**!p!<!.01,!*!p!<!.05,!+!p!<!.06.!    Contact:	  Stefanie	  Spahni,	  stefanie.spahni@psy.unibe.ch	  University	  of	  Bern,	  Department	  of	  Psychology	  MuesmaRstrasse	  45,	  3000	  Bern	  9,	  Switzerland	  PSYCHOLOGICAL	  ADAPTATION	  TO	  SPOUSAL	  LOSS	  IN	  OLD	  AGE	  THE	  ROLE	  OF	  PSYCHOSOCIAL	  RESOURCES	  AND	  LOSS	  CONTEXT	  Stefanie	  Spahni,	  Sara	  Hutchison,	  Pasqualina	  Perrig-­‐Chiello	  University	  of	  Bern,	  Switzerland	  •  Spousal	  bereavement	  is	  a	  norma've	  transi'on	  in	  old	  age	  -­‐	  especially	  in	  women	  -­‐	  but	  also	  known	  as	  one	  of	  the	  most	  stressful	  life	  events.	  •  Numerous	  studies	  have	  shown	  the	  detrimental	  impact	  of	  widowhood	  on	  individual’s	  psychological,	  social,	  physical,	  and	  economical	  well-­‐being.	   	  	  	  However	  there	  are	  huge	  interindividual	  diﬀerences,	  which	  can	  be	  explained	  by	  personal	  as	  well	  as	  by	  contextual	  	  	  	  factors.	  To	  date	  these	  factors	  have	  mostly	  been	  studied	  separately.	  "•  The	   aim	   of	   this	   study	   is	   to	   test	   how	   diﬀerent	   socio-­‐demographic	   and	   personality	   factors,	   along	   with	   factors	  concerning	   the	   relaKonship	   with	   the	   deceased	   and	   the	   context	   of	   loss	   are	   predic've	   for	   various	   indicators	   of	  psychological	   adaptaKon:	   	   depression	   (emo'onal	   dimension),	   loneliness	   (socio-­‐emo'onal	   dimension)	   and	   life	  saKsfacKon	   (ra'onal	   dimension).	   This	   approach	   should	   allow	  examining	   the	  dis'nct	  predic've	  power	  of	   personal	  and	   contextual	   factors	  on	  diﬀerent	  dimensions	  of	  psychological	   adapta'on,	  which	   is	   highly	   relevant	   for	  designing	  interven'ons	  for	  bereaved	  persons.	  •  We	  hypothesise	  that	  personal	  and	  contextual	  factors	  are	  interrelated	  and	  that	  aaer	  controlling	  for	  personal	  factors	  –	  especially	  for	  personality	  traits	  –	  the	  amount	  of	  variance	  explained	  by	  contextual	  factors	  is	  compara'vely	  small.	  Problem,	  Aims,	  and	  TheoreKcal	  Background	  •  Our	   results	   reveal	   the	   centrality	   of	   personality	   factors	   for	   explaining	   psychological	  adapta'on	   to	   spousal	   loss.	   Personality	   factors	   account	   for	   much	  more	   variance	   in	   all	  three	  indicators	  than	  the	  other	  groups	  of	  factors.	  •  But	  the	  eﬀect	  of	  factors	  concerning	  the	  rela'onship	  with	  the	  deceased	  and	  the	  context	  of	  loss	  play	  also	  a	  signiﬁcant	  role.	  •  There	  are	  personal	  as	  well	  as	  contextual	  risk	  factors:	  	   	  	  	  Low	  scores	  in	  resilience	  are	  related	  to	  worse	  scores	  in	  all	  three	  indicators	  of	  	  	  	  psychological	  adapta'on.	  	   	  	  	  Low	  scores	  in	  extraversion	  are	  related	  to	  higher	  loneliness	  and	  lower	  life	  	  	  	  sa'sfac'on.	  	   	  	  	  High	  scores	  in	  neuro'cism	  are	  related	  to	  more	  depressive	  symptoms	  and	  higher	  	  	  	  loneliness.	  	   	  	  	  The	  reported	  emo'onal	  valence	  of	  loss	  experience	  is	  a	  crucial	  factor	  in	  bereavement:	  	  	  	  a	  nega've	  emo'onal	  valence	  is	  related	  to	  higher	  depression	  rates,	  higher	  loneliness	  	  	  	  and	  lower	  life	  sa'sfac'on.	  	   	  	  	  Widowed	  men	  are	  more	  vulnerable	  for	  loneliness	  aaer	  spousal	  loss	  than	  widowed	  	  	  	  women.	  	   	  	  	  Reported	  low	  support	  by	  the	  deceased	  spouse	  is	  related	  to	  lower	  life	  sa'sfac'on.	  	   	  	  	  Depression	  is	  the	  only	  indicator	  of	  psychological	  adapta'on	  eﬀected	  by	  'me:	  While	  	  	  	  depression	  decrease	  with	  'me	  passed	  since	  loss,	  loneliness	  and	  life	  sa'sfac'on	  are	  	  	  	  'me-­‐independent.	  Conclusion	  Method	  •  Data	  of	  the	  ﬁrst	  wave	  (2012)	  of	  the	  ongoing	  longitudinal	  self-­‐report	  quesKonnaire	  study	  ‘Vulnerability	  and	  growth:	  Developmental	  dynamics	  and	  diﬀeren'al	  eﬀects	  of	  the	  loss	  of	  an	  in'mate	  partner	  in	  the	  second	  life	  half’,which	  is	  part	  of	  the	  Swiss	  Na'onal	  Centre	  of	  Competence	  in	  Research	  ‘LIVES	  –	  Overcoming	  vulnerability:	  life	  course	  perspec'ves’	  (Swiss	  Na'onal	  Science	  Founda'on).	  •  Random	  sample	  (persons	  with	  a	  loss	  within	  the	  last	  2-­‐5	  years),	  addresses	  supplied	  by	  the	  Swiss	  Federal	  Oﬃce	  of	  Sta's'cs,	  and	  adverKsements	  (loss	  within	  the	  last	  2	  years)	  via	  diﬀerent	  media.	  Instruments	  Center	  for	  Epid.	  Studies	  Depression	  Scale	  (CES-­‐D)	  	  (Radloﬀ,	  1977)	  (Cronbach‘s	  α	  .84)	  Loneliness	  Scales	  (De	  Jong	  Gierveld	  &	  Kamphuis,	  1985)	  (Cronbach‘s	  α	  .84)	  SaKsfacKon	  with	  Life	  Scale	  (SWLS)	  (Diener	  et	  al.,	  1985)	  (Cronbach’s	  α	  .86)	  Big	  Five	  Inventory	  (BFI-­‐10)	  (Rammstedt	  &	  John,	  2007)	  Resilience	  Scale	  (RS-­‐11)	  (Wagnild	  &	  Young,	  1993)	  (Cronbach’s	  α	  .87)	  	  Self	  constructed	  items	  for	  marital	  happiness,	  received	  spousal	  support	  in	  own	  development,	  social	  support	  aaer	  bereavement,	  emoKonal	  valence	  of	  loss	  experience	  Results	  Bereaved	  	  	  	  Age	  60-­‐89	  (M	  =	  74.36;	  SD	  =	  7.19)	  	  	  	  Persons	  	  	  	  	  	  	  217	  women,	  163	  men	  	  	  	  (n	  =	  380)	  	  	  	  	  	  	  spousal	  loss	  within	  the	  last	  ﬁve	  years	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  married	  on	  average	  45.38	  years	  (SD	  =	  8.51)	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  non-­‐ins'tu'onalised	  

Psychological adaptation to spousal loss in old age: The role of psychosocial resources and loss context

https://boris.unibe.ch/53387/1/Poster_ECP-Stockholm_StefanieSpahni.pdf

Psychological adaptation to spousal loss in old age: The role of psychosocial resources and loss context

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