Bourbon virus (BRBV) was first isolated from a febrile patient with a history of tick bites in Bourbon County, Kansas, USA; the patient later died from severe illness in 2014 (1). Several additional human BRBV infections were reported subsequently from the midwestern and southern United States (2). BRBV belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Thogotovirus, which is distributed worldwide and includes Araguari, Aransas Bay, Dhori, Jos, Thogoto, and Upolu viruses (1,3). Thogoto and Dhori viruses have been associated with human disease (4–6). Viruses within the genus Thogotovirus have been associated with hard or soft ticks (7). Recent studies suggest that the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) is involved with BRBV transmission (2,3,8). These ticks feed primarily on mammals, which might play a role in BRBV ecolog

Bosco-Lauth, Angela M.

Brault, Aaron C.

Gidlewski, Thomas

Harmon, Jessica R.

Jackson, Katelin C.

Komar, Nicholas

Lash, R. Ryan

Nicholson, William L.

Panella, Nicholas A.

Root, J. Jeffrey

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - LincolnDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - LincolnUSDA National Wildlife Research Center - StaffPublicationsU.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service9-2019Bourbon Virus in Wild and Domestic Animals,Missouri, USA, 2012–2013Katelin C. JacksonWashington State UniversityThomas GidlewskiUS Department of Agriculture, Fort CollinsJ. Jeffrey RootUS Department of Agriculture, Fort CollinsAngela M. Bosco-LauthColorado State University, Fort CollinsR. Ryan LashCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, AtlantaSee next page for additional authorsFollow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrcPart of the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management andPolicy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Other Veterinary Medicine Commons,Population Biology Commons, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, Veterinary InfectiousDiseases Commons, Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology Commons, VeterinaryPreventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons, and the Zoology CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service atDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publicationsby an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.Jackson, Katelin C.; Gidlewski, Thomas; Root, J. Jeffrey; Bosco-Lauth, Angela M.; Lash, R. Ryan; Harmon, Jessica R.; Brault, AaronC.; Panella, Nicholas A.; Nicholson, William L.; and Komar, Nicholas, "Bourbon Virus in Wild and Domestic Animals, Missouri, USA,2012–2013" (2019). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 2285.https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2285AuthorsKatelin C. Jackson, Thomas Gidlewski, J. Jeffrey Root, Angela M. Bosco-Lauth, R. Ryan Lash, Jessica R.Harmon, Aaron C. Brault, Nicholas A. Panella, William L. Nicholson, and Nicholas KomarThis article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2285Bourbon Virus in Wild  and Domestic Animals,  Missouri, USA, 2012–2013Katelin C. Jackson,1 Thomas Gidlewski,  J. Jeffrey Root, Angela M. Bosco-Lauth,  R. Ryan Lash, Jessica R. Harmon,  Aaron C. Brault, Nicholas A. Panella,  William L. Nicholson, Nicholas KomarAuthor affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (K.C. Jackson, A.C. Brault, N.A. Panella,  N. Komar); US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins (T. Gidlewski, J.J. Root); Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.M. Bosco-Lauth); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,  Georgia, USA (R.R. Lash, J.R. Harmon, W.L. Nicholson)DOI: https://doi.org/10.32301/eid2510.181902Since its recent discovery, Bourbon virus has been isolated from a human and ticks. To assess exposure of potential verte-brate reservoirs, we assayed banked serum and plasma sam-ples from wildlife and domestic animals in Missouri, USA, for Bourbon virus–neutralizing antibodies. We detected high se-roprevalence in raccoons (50%) and white-tailed deer (86%).Bourbon virus (BRBV) was first isolated from a fe-brile patient with a history of tick bites in Bourbon County, Kansas, USA; the patient later died from severe illness in 2014 (1). Several additional human BRBV infec-tions were reported subsequently from the midwestern and southern United States (2). BRBV belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, genus Thogotovirus, which is distribut-ed worldwide and includes Araguari, Aransas Bay, Dhori, Jos, Thogoto, and Upolu viruses (1,3). Thogoto and Dhori viruses have been associated with human disease (4–6). Vi-ruses within the genus Thogotovirus have been associated with hard or soft ticks (7). Recent studies suggest that the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) is involved with BRBV transmission (2,3,8). These ticks feed primarily on mammals, which might play a role in BRBV ecology.We evaluated banked animal serum and plasma for evidence of BRBV infection by using the plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT) to detect BRBV-reactive anti-bodies. We tested specimens of white-tailed deer (Odocoi-leus virginianus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), Virginia opos-sum (Didelphis virginiana), and various other mammals and birds from northwest Missouri, USA, for neutralizing antibodies against BRBV to identify naturally exposed host species and to implicate potential zoonotic amplifiers.We collected specimens from wild and domestic verte-brates as described (9). We performed PRNTs on serum and plasma samples by using Vero cell culture as described (9). In brief, we initially screened samples by diluting them 1:5 and mixing them with an equal amount of BRBV suspen-sion containing ≈100 PFUs/0.1 mL. Samples that showed >70% reduction of plaques were confirmed by serial 2-fold titration in duplicate from serum dilutions of 1:10–1:320. We considered 70% PRNT titers >10 as positive.We screened serum and plasma samples from 301 birds and mammals for BRBV-neutralizing antibodies. A total of 48 (30.8%) of 156 mammalian serum samples were posi-tive at the 70% neutralization level (Table). Mammals with evidence of past infection included domestic dogs, eastern cottontail, horse, raccoon, and white-tailed deer. None of 26 avian species were seropositive (Appendix Table, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/25/9/18-1902-App1.pdf).BRBV is probably transmitted to humans and other verte-brates by the lone star tick, an abundant arthropod in the south-central United States (8). This virus was cultured from these ticks in northwestern Missouri in 2013 and eastern Kansas in 2015 (2,8). Our results indicated that mammals are frequently exposed to BRBV. This finding was expected because lone star ticks feed primarily on mammals, and rarely on birds. Our study corroborates that birds are not involved in BRBV transmission, and our data establish that the vertebrate host range for infection now includes >5 mammalian species, 2 of which are domestic animals (dogs and horses). Of the wildlife species, the seropositivity rate for white-tailed deer was high (86%), whereas Virginia opossums, despite a moderate sam-ple size (n = 28), showed no evidence of virus exposure. Deer and raccoons (seroprevalence 50%) could be useful wildlife sentinels for tracking the geographic distribution of BRBV. Dogs (seroprevalence 15%) and horses (seroprevalence 4%) merit further consideration among domestic animals for use as sentinels for either tracking virus activity or as an early warn-ing system for mitigation of human risk. Because of limited sampling, we observed no statistically significant difference in seroprevalence between these 2 species.A limitation of our study was small sample sizes, which reduces the accuracy of the seroprevalence measurements. Furthermore, serologic data provide indirect evidence of virus infection, rather than the detection of the virus itself or its parts (i.e., antigen or nucleic acid). However, a close-ly related congener could exist and generate cross-reactive antibodies to BRBV, causing false-positive results in our assay. Nevertheless, the PRNT is generally considered the standard for serologic assays.In conclusion, we have demonstrated that nonhuman ver-tebrates are exposed to BRBV. These findings are useful for future public health efforts and to better understand the ecol-ogy of BRBV. Specifically, we identified 2 candidate wild-life sentinels and potential domestic sentinels for tracking 1752 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 25, No. 9, September 2019RESEARCH LETTERS1Current affiliation: Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.and possible early warning of BRBV transmission risk. However, whether any of these mammalian species are com-petent amplifier hosts for BRBV remains to be determined.AcknowledgmentsWe thank the property owners who granted access to their  properties; the Missouri Departments of Health and Senior  Services and Conservation, the Andrew County Health  Department and participating veterinary clinics for providing  assistance; David Ashley for providing laboratory space for specimen processing at Missouri Western State University; Luke Miller, Nathan Hubbard, and Sonja Weiss for assisting with mammal trapping; and Jason Velez for preparing Vero cell cultures for the neutralization assays performed.About the AuthorDuring this study, Ms. Jackson was an intern at the Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins CO. She is currently a doctoral candidate at Washington State University, Pullman, WA. Her research interests include a One Health approach to zoonotic infectious diseases.References  1. Kosoy OI, Lambert AJ, Hawkinson DJ, Pastula DM,  Goldsmith CS, Hunt DC, et al. Novel thogotovirus associated with febrile illness and death, United States, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:760–4. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2105.150150  2. Savage HM, Burkhalter KL, Godsey MS Jr, Panella NA,  Ashley DC, Nicholson WL, et al. Bourbon virus in field-collected ticks, Missouri, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:2017–22.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2312.170532  3. Lambert AJ, Velez JO, Brault AC, Calvert AE, Bell-Sakyi L, Bosco-Lauth AM, et al. Molecular, serological and in vitro culture-based characterization of Bourbon virus, a newly described human pathogen of the genus Thogotovirus. J Clin Virol. 2015;73:127–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.021  4. Butenko AM, Leshchinskaia EV, Semashko IV, Donets MA, Mart’ianova LI. Dhori virus—a causative agent of human  disease: 5 cases of laboratory infection [in Russian]. Vopr Virusol. 1987;32:724–9.  5. Filipe AR, Calisher CH, Lazuick J. Antibodies to Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever, Dhori, Thogoto and Bhanja viruses in southern Portugal. Acta Virol. 1985;29:324–8.  6. Frese M, Kochs G, Meier-Dieter U, Siebler J, Haller O. Human MxA protein inhibits tick-borne Thogoto virus but not Dhori virus. J Virol. 1995;69:3904–9.  7. Hubálek Z, Rudolf I. Tick-borne viruses in Europe. Parasitol Res. 2012;111:9–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2910-1  8. Savage HM, Godsey MS Jr, Tatman J, Burkhalter KL, Hamm A, Panella NA, et al. Surveillance for Heartland and Bourbon viruses in eastern Kansas, June 2016. J Med Entomol. 2018;55:1613–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy103  9. Bosco-Lauth AM, Panella NA, Root JJ, Gidlewski T,  Lash RR, Harmon JR, et al. Serological investigation of Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) exposure in wild and domestic animals adjacent to human case sites in Missouri 2012–2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:1163–7. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0702Address for correspondence: Nicholas Komar, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; email: nck6@cdc.govFatal Case of Lassa  Fever, Bangolo District,  Côte d’Ivoire, 2015Mathieu Mateo, Caroline Picard,  Yahaya Sylla, Emilie Kamo, Danielle Odegue,  Alexandra Journeaux, Stéphane Kouassi Kan, Marcelle Money, David N’Golo Coulibaly,  Eugène Koffi, Souleymane Meite, Véronique Akran, Hervé Kadjo, Edgard Adjogoua, Solange N’Gazoa Kakou, Sylvain Baize, Mireille DossoAuthor affiliations: Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France (M. Mateo,  C. Picard, A. Journeaux, S. Baize); Centre International de  Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon (M. Mateo, C. Picard,  A. Journeaux, S. Baize); Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (Y. Sylla, E. Kamo, D. Odegue, S.K. Kan, M. Money, D. N’Golo Coulibaly, E. Koffi, S. Meite, V. Akran, H. Kadjo,  E. Adjogoua, S. N’Gazoa Kakou, S. Baize, M. Dosso)DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2509.190239 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 25, No. 9, September 2019 1753RESEARCH LETTERS Table. PRNT70 results for mammals tested for Bourbon virus–neutralizing antibodies, Missouri, USA, 2012–2013* Common name Species name No. positive/no. tested Titer Proportion positive (95% CI) Domestic cat Felis catus 0/2 <10 0 (0–0.66) Domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris 2/13 10–>320 0.15 (0.04–0.42) Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus 2/9 >320 0.22 (0.06–0.55) Fox squirrel Sciurus niger 0/4 <10 0 (0.0–0.49) Horse Equus caballus 1/24 20 0.04 (0.007–0.20) Raccoon Procyon lotor 31/62 10–>320 0.50 (0.38–0.62) Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana 0/28 <10 0 (0.0–0.12) White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus 12/14 10–>320 0.86 (0.60–0.96) *PRNT70, 70% plaque reduction neutralization titer.  

Bourbon Virus in Wild and Domestic Animals, Missouri, USA, 2012–2013

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Bourbon Virus in Wild and Domestic Animals, Missouri, USA, 2012–2013

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