Reliability, Energy balance and security are con?icting design issues for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with non-replenishable energy resources. In this paper, we ?rst propose a novel secure and ef?cient Cost-Aware SEcure Routing (CASER) protocol to address these con?icting issues through two adjustable parameters: energy balance control (EBC) and probabilistic- based random walking. To solve this problem, we propose an ef?cient non-uniform energy deployment strategy to optimize the lifetime and message delivery ratio under the same energy resource and security requirement. We also provide a quantitative security analysis on the proposed routing protocol. For the non-uniform energy deployment, our analysis shows that we can increase the lifetime and the total number of messages that can be delivered by more than four times under the same assumption. We also demonstrate that the proposed CASER protocol can achieve a high message delivery ratio while preventing routing traceback attacks
