Grašak je predstavljao deo svakodnevne ishrane evropskih lovaca-sakupljača krajem poslednjeg ledenog doba. Glavni kriterijumi za određivanje odomaćivanja graška su nepucajuće mahune, krupno seme i glatka semenjača. Semena graška pronađena su među najstarijim ostacima gajenih biljaka na lokalitetu El-Kerk u Siriji, starosti 10,000 godina. Zajedno sa strninama i sočivom, grašak je odigrao ključnu ulogu u otpočinjanju 'poljoprivredne revolucije' u Starom svetu. Grašak je ušao u Evropu u njenim jugoistočnim delovima i prodro u unutrašnjost uz Dunav, šireći se brzo, što je potvrđeno njegovim prisustvom na udaljenim mestima u slično vreme. Lingvistički dokazi takođe govore u prilog da je grašak brzo postao prisutan u skoro svim delovima Evrope. Većina evropskih naroda poseduje svoje sopstvene reči za grašak, što znači da je postojao pre razvića njihovih prajezika.Pea was a part of the everyday diet of the European hunter-gatherers at the end of the last Ice Age. The major criteria to determine the domestication in pea are non-dehiscent pods, larger seed size and smooth seed testa. Pea seeds were found among the earliest findings of cultivated crops at the site of Tell El-Kerkh, Syria, from 10th millennium BP. Along with cereals and lentil, pea has definitely become associated with the start of the 'agricultural revolution' in the Old World. Pea entered Europe in its southeast regions and progressed into its interior via Danube. Its distribution was rapid, since the available evidence reveals its presence in remote places at similar periods. The linguistic evidence supports the fact that pea had been present in nearly all regions of Europe. Most of European peoples have their own words denoting pea, meaning that it preceded the diversification of their own proto-languages

Ljuština, Marija

Mikić, Aleksandar

Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo

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Early Distribution of  Pea in Europe 457Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 47 (2010) 457-460Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 47 (2010) 457-460review article / pregledni radA Brief  Review on the Early Distribution of  Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in EuropeMarija Ljuština · Aleksandar Mikićreceived / primljeno: 18.04.2010. accepted / prihvaćeno: 03.05.2010.© 2010 IFVCSummary: Pea was a part of  the everyday diet of  the European hunter-gatherers at the end of  the last Ice Age. The major criteria to determine the domestication in pea are non-dehiscent pods, larger seed size and smooth seed testa. Pea seeds were found among the earliest fi ndings of  cultivated crops at the site of  Tell El-Kerkh, Syria, from 10th millennium BP. Along with cereals and lentil, pea has defi nitely become associated with the start of  the ‘agricultural revolution’ in the Old World. Pea entered Europe in its south-east regions and progressed into its interior via Danube. Its distribution was rapid, since the available evidence reveals its presence in remote places at similar periods. The linguistic evidence supports the fact that pea had been present in nearly all regions of  Europe. Most of  European peoples have their own words denoting pea, meaning that it preceded the diversifi cation of  their own proto-languages.Key words: archaeology, crop history, distribution, Old Europe, pea, Pisum sativum L.A. Mikić           Institute of  Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbiae-mail: aleksandar.mikic@ifvcns.ns.ac.rsM. Ljuština University of  Belgrade, Faculty of  Philosophy, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaIntroductionLegumes (Fabaceae Endl.) are one of  the richest plant families in the world, extending with hundreds of  genera and thousands of  species over all continents. Numerous members of  this family have economic importance and have been used for diverse purposes, including human consumption, animal feeding and green manure, for millennia (Mikić et al. 2006). One of  such species is pea (Pisum sativum L.), being one of  the most widespread and most cultivated annual legume crops, especially in temperate regions (Mikić et al. 2007).The aim of  this brief  review is to remind the pea research community on a part of  its rich history, as well as to encourage further archaeological research and its integration into a holistic legume history of  the Old World.Centres of  OriginIt is widely accepted that many of  the traditional European grain legumes, such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) originate primarily from the Near Eastern centre of  diversity. Among them is pea, with the Near Eastern centre as the primary, while both Mediterranean and African are considered the secondary centres or diversity (Zeven & Zhukovsky 1975).An abundant presence of  the wild taxa of  pea, such as red-yellow pea (Pisum fulvum Sm.), as well as of  beautiful vavilovia (Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed.), the closest relative of  the genera Pisum L. and Lathyrus L. (Kenicer et al. 2009), in the local fl oras of  the Near East region, may be regarded as another testimony that it was the very centre of  an eventual distribution of  pea in all directions. It is considered that the phenomenon of  pod dehiscence, present in pea and other related genera, with an ability of  shattering the seeds up to 2 m in diameter, signifi cantly contributed to the spreading of  these species. The only wild or semi-wild taxon of  pea present in Europe is tall pea (Pisum sativum L. subsp. elatius (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Asch. & Graebn. var. elatius (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Meikle), that still may be found in southern regions of  the Balkans and the Black Sea coast, i.e. in Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia, with latter as the northernmost border of  its areal (Mikić et al 2009a).Process of  DomesticationGrain legumes, including pea, had been known to humans before they became cultivated. Together with vetches (Vicia spp.) and vetchlings Archaeobotany / Arheobotanika   www.nsseme.com/journal.html(    )M Ljuština, A Mikić458Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 47 (2010) 457-460(Lathyrus spp.), pea was a part of  the everyday diet of  the hunter-gatherers at the end of  the last Ice Age in Europe, as witnessed by the remains from the site of  Santa Maira, Spain, from 12,000–9,000 BP (Aura et al. 2005).In all plant species, the process of  domestication led to certain morphological changes that, in many aspects, strongly resemble the methods of  selection used in contemporary plant breeding programmes (Ljuština & Mikić 2008). In grain legumes, the major criteria to determine the domestication are non-dehiscent pods, larger seed size and smooth seed testa. It seems that the pea gene Dpo, controlling pod dehiscence (Weeden et al 2002), underwent modifi cations during the domestication and thus became responsible for the development of  non-dehiscent genotypes. Larger seed size in cultivated forms in comparison to that in wild ones is not typical only for grain legumes, but is often very hard to interpret. A smooth testa, due to the domestication, is the most reliable characteristic in telling wild from cultivated forms (Butler 1998). Apart from these three major indicators, there are several other indicators of  the pea domestication, such as absent seed dormancy, dwarf  growing habit, less prominent basal branching, neutral photoperiodical reaction and improved grain quality (Weeden 2007). The remains of  domesticated grain legumes often occuring at high frequencies during the 10th and 9th millennia (Willcox et al. 2007) may contribute to the possibility that the domestication of  grain legumes could predate cereals (Kislev & Bar-Yosef  1988). However, little is known about the early stages of  pulse domestication and  there is very little evidence of  how, when and where they were domesticated, mostly due to a fact that all those changes, being mostly morphological, have not survived to the present day.Among the earliest fi ndings of  cultivated grain legumes is the site of  Tell El-Kerkh, Syria, from 10th millennium BP, with the seeds of  lentil, bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.), chickpea, grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Tanno & Willcox 2006).Conquest of  EuropeIt is quite certain that pea was one of  the most ancient crops that entered Europe, after it had become more suitable place for living again, following the end of  the last Ice Age. Thus pea, along with several cereals and lentil (Ljuština & Mikić 2010), has defi nitely become associated with the start of  the ‘agricultural revolution’ in the Old World (Erskine 1998).Pea entered Europe in its south-east regions and roughly progressed into its interior via Danube. Its distribution was a rapid one, since the available evidence reveals its presence in mutually remote places at similar periods. It is only Iberian Peninsula where Lathyrus crops seem to be most abundant of  all grain legumes including pea (Mikić et al 2009b).The following selection of  archaeological fi ndings offers nice examples that confi rm the extreme importance pea had in the primeval European agriculture.5790-5630 BC, Kovačevo, southeast Bulgaria. The fi nal early Neolithic site in southwest Bulgaria, with lentil, grass pea, chickling vetch (Lathyrus cicera L.) and bitter vetch found along with pea and several cereal species (Marinova & Popova 2008).5600-4300 BC, south-western Germany. The results of  more than 100 archaeobotanical investigations from this region reveals that pea was one of  the commonest pulses, with similar curves with high presence values in the early Neolithic, the Bronze and Iron Ages and in the early Medieval period and most frequent in the early Neolithic and in the Bronze Age (Rösch 1997).5470-5260 BC, Aknashen, Armenia. A still disputable presence of  pea, along with lentil and bitter vetch, could be an evidence of  the pea distribution to the opposite, easternmost, regions of  Europe (Hovsepyan & Willcox 2007).5000-4800 BC until 600 AD, the modern Paris area, France. Here pea was one of  the fi rst introduced crops, along with lentil and cereals (Bakels 1999).3900 BC, Lake Constance, southern Germany. In a Neolithic village Hornstaad Hiirnle I A, there were found carbonsied seeds and non-carbonised pods (Maier 1999).3400-3300 BC, Lake Biel, Switzerland. A Late Neolithic site where the small numbers of  peas was found, as another confi rmation that due to poor preservation it is not possible to reliably indicate the role of  peas in this period (Brombacher 1997).2750-2500 BC, an Early Bronze age site of  Arslantepe, Malatya, central Turkey. According to the present evidence, pea was used much less than chickpea and equally to lentil (Sadori et al 2006), with no evidence that it was grown there, but perhaps imported from somewhere else. This could lead to a conclusion that pea in some Early Distribution of  Pea in Europe 459Ratar. Povrt. / Field Veg. Crop Res. 47 (2010) 457-460regions, such as this one, just passed through further and was not truly cultivated.1600-1300 BC, a Bronze Age Vatin culture settlement of  Židovar, Banat, northern Serbia. Archaeobotanical research of  this multi-layered site revealed that pea was in use along with other grain legumes, such as lentil or vetch (Medović 2003). Pea was cultivated in the Serbian section of  Danube quite early (Renfrew 1979) and was found in the sites such as the Neolithic Starčevo, the Neolithic - Early Iron Age - La Tène site of  Gomolava (Van Zeist 2001/2002), the Bronze and Early Iron Age site Feudvar (Kroll 1998) and the Early Iron Age site of  Gradina upon Bosut (Medović 2010).700-200 BC, a Celtic, La Tène site in Dürrnberg, Austria. Here, in a salt-mining and metal-working settlement, pea was used as a sole legume with cereals, signifi cantly contributing to the quality of  miners diets (Swidrak 1999).600-400 BC, four late Hallstat and early La Tène sites in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Together with lentil, bitter vetch and faba bean, pea was an important crop in everyday nutrition (Stika 1999).100-200 AD, a Gallo-Roman cemetery in Moselle, France. Pea seeds were found among the other crops as grave offerings. (Preiss 2005).The linguistic evidence supports the fact that pea had been present in nearly all regions of  Europe before the modern European language families were developed. Peoples like Indo-Europeans, Turkic, Caucasians or Basques, each have their own words denoting pea, meaning that it preceded the diversifi cation of  their own proto-languages into their contemporary descendants (Mikić 2009). Similar is with other most ancient legume crops, such as lentil (Mikić 2010). Among the most ancient words denoting pea in European languages are the Proto-Indo-European *kek-, the Proto-Turkic *burčak, the Proto-Caucasian *qŏr’ā and the Proto-Basque *iłhař (Mikić et al 2008).ConclusionsAs one of  the most ancient crops in the world, pea played an important role in the introduction of  agriculture in post-glacial Europe, often representing the main pulse in the diets of  local communities across the continent. 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Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wagenin-genKratki pregled ranog širenja graška (Pisum sativum L.) u EvropiMarija Ljuština1 · Aleksandar Mikić21Univerzitet u Beogradu, Filozofski fakultet, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000 Beograd, Srbija2Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, SrbijaIzvod: Grašak je predstavljao deo svakodnevne ishrane evropskih lovaca-sakupljača krajem poslednjeg ledenog doba. Glavni kriterijumi za određivanje odomaćivanja graška su nepucajuće mahune, krupno seme i glatka semenjača. Semena graška pronađena su među najstarijim ostacima gajenih biljaka na lokalitetu El-Kerk u Siriji, starosti 10,000 godina. Zajedno sa strninama i sočivom, grašak je odigrao ključnu ulogu u otpočinjanju ‘poljoprivredne revolucije’ u Starom svetu. Grašak je ušao u Evropu u njenim jugoistočnim delovima i prodro u unutrašnjost uz Dunav, šireći se brzo, što je potvrđeno njegovim prisustvom na udaljenim mestima u slično vreme. Lingvistički dokazi takođe govore u prilog da je grašak brzo postao prisutan u skoro svim delovima Evrope. Većina evropskih naroda poseduje svoje sopstvene reči za grašak, što znači da je postojao pre razvića njihovih prajezika.Ključne reči: arheologija, grašak, istorija useva, Pisum sativum L., Stara Evropa, širenje

A brief review on the early distribution of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Europe

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A brief review on the early distribution of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in Europe

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