A modified artificial diet based on the “Cenibroca diet” used in Colombia for mass rearing of Hypothenemus hampei, was compared with the natural diet presently used to rear this insect. The modified diet was cheaper than Portilla’s diet and did not affect insect fitness, developmental time, viability or sex ratio.

Giraldo-Jaramillo, Marisol

Postali Parra, José Roberto

English

Coffee Science (E-Journal, Universidade Federal de Lavras)

Coffee Science, Lavras, v. 13, n. 1, p. 132 - 135, jan./mar. 2018Jaramillo, M. G. et al.132 NOTA PRÉVIAARTIFICIAL DIET ADJUSTMENTS FOR BRAZILIAN STRAIN OF Hypothenemus hampei (FERRARI, 1867) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)Marisol Giraldo-Jaramillo1, José Roberto Postali Parra2(Received: 26 de april, 2017; accepted: 06 june, 2017)ABSTRACT: A modified artificial diet based on the “Cenibroca diet” used in Colombia for mass rearing of Hypothenemus hampei, was compared with the natural diet presently used to rear this insect. The modified diet was cheaper than Portilla’s diet and did not affect insect fitness, developmental time, viability or sex ratio.  Index terms: Artificial diet, Hypothenemus hampei, rearing.AJUSTES DE DIETA ARTIFICIAL PARA “STRAIN”  BRASILEIRO DE Hypothenemus hampei (FERRARI, 1867) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)RESUMO: Uma dieta artificial para Hypothenemus hampei, com modificações a partir de uma dieta utilizada para a espécie na Colômbia e denominada Cenibroca, foi avaliada. Ela mostrou-se adequada e comparável à dieta natural utilizada para o inseto, considerando-se o tempo de desenvolvimento, a viabilidade total e a razão sexual da broca do café, sendo mais económica quando comparada com a dieta desenvolvida por Portilla em 1999.Termos de indexação: Dieta artificial, Hypothenemus hampei, técnicas de criação.The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is considered the most damaging insect pest of coffee crops worldwide, attacking the berries and causing weight loss, berry depreciation and quality problems (BENAVIDES et al., 2013; BUSTILLO, 2002; JARAMILLO et al., 2006; ROMERO; CORTINA, 2007). Damage from this insect pest is estimated at US$500 million annually (JARAMILLO et al., 2006), affecting the income of more than 25 million small farmers worldwide (FAIRTRADE FOUNDATION, 2012).Artificial diets are an efficient option for insect mass rearing and studies, because insect colonies can be continuously maintained in the laboratory under controlled conditions (PARRA et al., 2002). According to Portilla & Streett (2006), the artificial diets presently used in Colombia, USA and elsewhere to rear the coffee borer are adequate to maintain their development, fecundity and sex ratio.The present study evaluated the performance of a modified of the “Cenibroca” artificial diet (PORTILLA, 1999), originally used in Colombia, as an artificial diet for mass rearing of Brazilian populations of the coffee berry borer. The diet 1National Coffee Research Center - CENICAFÉ - Vía antigua Chinchina-Manizales - Manizales - Caldas -  Colombia marisolgj@gmail.com2Entomology and Acarology Department - Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo - Av. Pádua Dias, 10 Piracicaba - SP -  13418-900 - jrpparra@usp.br tested included modifications in the type of agar, yeast, vitamin composition and antifungal (Table 1) and calculated the cost (in dollars) of producing one liter of diet using the components of Portilla´s recipe (1999) as well as the modified diet .Females of the coffee berry borer (CBB) were obtained from a stock colony established in July 2010 with beetle-infested coffee berries collected from a coffee plantation in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil (22°42’51.0366” S, 047°37’41.556” W). The stock colony is maintained at the Laboratory of Insect Biology of the Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, where the insects are reared on ca. 150-day-old coffee berries (Coffea arabica var. Obatã) kept at room temperature (25±2 °C), 65±10% relative humidity [RH], and 0:24 h (L:D) photoperiod. In this study, the insects were obtained from infested berries that are kept in square plastic containers 50x50x20 cm (height x width x depth) with perforated lids (55 mm diameter) covered with voile. Some components of the Cenibroca artificial diet were modified (Table 1). The study evaluated whether these changes in diet affected Coffee Science, Lavras, v. 13, n. 1, p. 132 - 135 jan./mar. 2018Artificial diet adjustments for brazilian strain of ... 133TABLE 1 - Composition of artificial diets for Hypothenemus hampei rearing.Component D1a D2bAgar 10 g –Carregeenan – 10 gWater 993 ml 993 mlCoffee 150 g 150 gSucrose 10 g 10 gCasein 15 g 15 gTorula yeast 15 g –Brewer´s yeast – 15 gEthanol 10 ml –Benzoic acid 1 g 1 gVanderzant´s Vitamin solution 7.4 ml –Vitamin solutionc – 7.4 mlWesson salts 0.8 g 0.8 gFormaldehyde 37% 2650 µL 2650 µLBenomyl® 1.33 g –Methyl parahydroxybenzoate (Nipagin®) – 1.33 gCost/L US$ 16.06 US$ 8.73a Portilla (1999) b Portilla (1999), modifiedc Niacinamide: 1.00 g; calcium pantothenate: 1.00 g; Riboflavin: 0.50 g; Thiamin: 0.25 g; Pyridoxine: 0.25 g; folic acid: 0.02 mg; Biotin: 0.02 mg; Vitamin B12 (1,000 mg/ml): 2.00 ml.the development of H. hampei. To prepare the diet, agar (carrageenan) was dissolved in distilled water at a temperature of 65 °C and mixed with the other ingredients (Table 1) with the aid of a blender. The diet was dried in a Marconi® MA 033 oven at 45 ± 5 °C for 12–15 h to a final water content of 55 ± 10%. The diet was offered to the insects in a 24-well culture plate (Techno Plastic Products® 920024) with 3–4 ml of diet/well. Two 24-h-old eggs from the stock colony were transferred.  This new modified diet was compared with the “natural” diet of C. arabica parchment coffee to 50% ± 10% water content, at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, RH of 65 ± 10% and 0:24 (L:D) photoperiod. The method of Romero & Cortina (2007) was used to prepare the coffee berries: a hole 1 mm in diameter and 7 mm deep was bored into each dried berry, and two 24-h-old eggs were placed in the hole. The parchment coffee were placed individually in the same type of culture plates used for the artificial diet.The development of H. hampei on the artificial and natural diets was evaluated with 400 replications. The numbers of CBB life stages (eggs, larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults) were assessed daily for 30 days. Each day, 10 samples of both parchment coffee berries and diet were removed from the plates and dissected under a Zeiss® Stemi SV¨6 stereomicroscope and the immature stages and emerged females and males were counted. Data Analysis: Data were analyzed by generalized linear models (GLMs) (NELDER; WEDDERBURN, 1972), using a binomial model for viability and sex-ratio data, and a Poisson model for duration. The data were evaluated using a standard half-probability graph with simulated envelope (DEMETRIO; HINDE, 1997;, HINDE; DEMETRIO, 1998). In case of significant differences, the Tukey multiple comparisons test was applied at 5% significance, using the glht Coffee Science, Lavras, v. 13, n. 1, p. 132 - 135, jan./mar. 2018Jaramillo, M. G. et al.134function of the multicomp package with adjusted P.We calculated the cost (in dollars) of producing one liter of diet using the components of Portilla´s recipe (1999) as well as the modified diet in this workCompared with the natural diet, the modified Cenibroca artificial diet did not affect the egg-adult development period of H. hampei, which averaged 24.1 days on both. Nor were the total viability or the sex ratio significantly different (Table 2).The artificial diet proved to be adequate with the proposed modifications. This diet provided the necessary nutrients for egg-adult development, with viability and sex ratio comparable to the original Cenibroca diet, which according to Portilla (1999), supports the development of these insects for 15 generations and with development similar to that obtained with the natural diet.The cost of producing one liter of diet using Portilla´s recipe was US $ 16.06 while the cost of the modified diet was US $ 8.73.The results obtained here allow us to conclude that this modified artificial diet can be used to maintain the breeding stock of H. hampei from Brazil, to obtain eggs and females for experimental use. This diet is comparable to the natural diet, in addition to being low-cost and easy to prepare.REFERENCES BENAVIDES, P.; GIL, Z.N.; CONSTANTINO, L.M.; VILLEGAS, C.; GIRALDO-JARAMILLO, M. Plagas del café: broca, minador, cochinillas TABLE 2 - Effects of two different diets on Hypothenemus hampei: duration of developmental stages (mean days ± SE), egg to adult viability (mean % ± SE) and sex ratio. Temp.: 25 ± 2 °C, RH: 65 ± 10% and photophase: 0h.      DietDuration (days)1Viability (%)1Sex ratio2Egg Larva Pre-pupae Pupae Egg-adultParchment coffee  berries4.3±0.05 a 8.6 ±0.17 a 5.1±0.12 a 5.2 ±0.12 a 24.5±0.9 a 83±2.9 a 0.85±0.01 aPortilla modified4.1± 0.04 a 8.4 ± 0.20    a 4.8± 0.13 a 5.9±0.09 a 24.1±0.7 a 85±3.5 a 0.82±0.07 aF. Χ2P4.190.041.710.195.170.021.870.173.690.051.190.3172.500.021 Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ significantly (GLM with quasi-binomial distribution, followed by post-hoc Tukey test). df=1 for all comparisons. 2 No difference in sex ratio (Χ2, P<0.05)harinosas, arañita roja y monalonion. In: GAST, F.; BENAVIDES, P.; SANZ, J.R.; HERRERA, J.C.; CRISTANCHO, M.A.; MARIN, S.M. (Eds). Manual cafetero colombiano: investigación y tecnología para la sostenibilidad de la caficultura. Chinchiná: Legis. 2013. Chap.  p. 215–260.BUSTILLO, A.E.  El manejo de cafetales y su relación con el control de la broca del café en Colombia. Chinchiná: FNC - Cenicafé, 40 p. (Boletín Técnico, 24), 2002.DEMETRIO, C.G.B.; HINDE, J. Half-normal plots and overdispersion. GLIM Newsletter, London, v. 27, p. 19–26, 1997. FAIRTRADE FOUNDATION.  Fairtrade and coffee: commodity briefing. London. 2012. Available at: <http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/includes/documents/ cmdocs/2012/F/FTCoffee_Report_May2012.pdf>. Accessed on: 12 Jul. 2014HINDE, J.; DEMETRIO, C.G.B.  Overdispersion: Models and estimation. Computational Statistics Data and Analysis, Duarte, v. 27, p. 151–170, 1998.JARAMILLO, J.; BORGEMEISTER, C.; BAKER, P.  Coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) searching for sustainable control strategies. Bulletin Entomological Research, Cambridge, n. 96, p.223–233, 2006. NELDER, J. A.; WEDDERBURN, R. W. M. Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, v.  135, n. 3, p.370–384, Coffee Science, Lavras, v. 13, n. 1, p. 132 - 135 jan./mar. 2018Artificial diet adjustments for brazilian strain of ... 1351972.PARRA, J. R. P.; BOTELHO, P. S. M.; CORREA-FERREIRA, B. S.; BENTO, J. M. S.  Controle biológico no Brasil: parasitóides e predadores. São Paulo: Editora Manole, 2002. 609p.PORTILLA, M. Desarrollo y evaluación de una dieta artificial para la cría masiva de Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Revista Cenicafé, Chinchiná, v.50, p.24–38, 1999. PORTILLA, M.; STREETT, D.  Nuevas técnicas de producción masiva automatizada de Hypothenemus hampei sobre la dieta artificial Cenibroca modificada. Revista Cenicafé, Chinchiná, v. 57, n. 1, p.37–50, 2006.ROMERO, J.V.; CORTINA, H.A.  Life tables of 

Artificial diet adjustments for brazilian strain of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

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Artificial diet adjustments for brazilian strain of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

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