This study was carried out during 2019-2020 on plots belonging to the wine-growing areas of Segarcea, famous wine areas in point of extracting red wine with remarkable qualities in the south of the country. The significance of the work consists in improving the useful climate of the wi ne area of Segarcea by introducing into the culture beside black grapes varieties, renowned varieties like Feteascăneagră, Merlot, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Pinot noir, etc., other grape varieties of Mediteranean origin, such as Syrah and Marselan. The aim is to rigorously monitor the weather conditions with a direct impact on the soils with a production potential, observing the dynamics of its establishment and maturation index for each variety during the period studied

COSTEA, C. D.

CĂPRUCIU, R.

DODOCIOIU, A. M.

GIUGEA, N.

MĂRĂCINEANU, E.

English

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

AnaleleUniversităţii din Craiova, seriaAgricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. LI/2021  42  THE STUDY OF ACCLIMATIZATION OF GRAPES  OF MEDITERRANEAN ORIGIN TO THE WEATHER CONDITIONS OF THE WINE-GROWING REGIONS OF SEGARCEA  R. CĂPRUCIU1, A. M. DODOCIOIU1, N. GIUGEA1, C. D. COSTEA1, E. MĂRĂCINEANU2                             1Faculty of Horticulture, 13, A.I.Cuza Street, Craiova, Dolj, Romania 2Sud Oil Ltd., Ișalnița workstation, Dolj, Romania  Keywords: varieties, clima, production, maturation index.  ABSTRACT This study was carried out during 2019-2020 on plots belonging to the wine-growing areas of Segarcea, famous wine areas in point of extracting red wine with remarkable qualities in the south of the country. The significance of the work consists in improving the useful climate of the wi ne area of Segarcea by introducing into the culture beside black grapes varieties, renowned varieties like Feteascăneagră, Merlot, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Pinot noir, etc., other grape varieties of Mediteranean origin, such as Syrah and Marselan. The aim is to rigorously monitor the weather conditions with a direct impact on the soils with a production potential, observing the dynamics of its establishment and maturation index for each variety during the period studied.  INTRODUCTION Environmental conditions play an important role in determining not only yield, but also grape quality potential. In addition, depending on these conditions (and other factors like market access), profitability for growers in some regions can be driven by optimizing yields and reducing production costs, while in other regions it can be driven more by producing higher quality grapes for higher price wines (Van Leuwen et al., 2019; Ollat et al., 2017). Thorough knowledge of environmental factors as well as the opportunities of taking control over them by means of cultivation technologies, it is an essential condition to obtain high yields of grapes, top quality, in terms of increased economic efficiency (Dejeu, 2009).  Wine quality and yield are strongly influenced by climatic conditions and depend on complex interactions between temperatures, water availability, plant material and viticultural techniques. In established winegrowing regions, growers have AnaleleUniversităţii din Craiova, seriaAgricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. LI/2021  43  optimized yield and quality by choosing plant material and viticultural techniques according to local climatic conditions, but as the climate changes, these will need to be adjusted (Spayd et al., 2002; Van Leuwen et al., 2019, Drappieret al., 2019, Parker et al., 2019).  Because of the change in weather conditions over the last years, strict monitoring is required in order to ascertain the degree of water stress and heat the wine is subjected to with potential repercussions on the quality (Van Leuwen et al., 2004; Popa, 2006; Popa, 2008; Mira de Orduna, 2010; Caffarra et al., 2012;). To decide which is the best moment for harvesting the grapes, several parameters and subscripts of maturity are used (Abbal et al., 1992; Panigai et al., 1994; Wheeler et al., 2005).  MATERIAL AND METHOD  The climate data was supervised with the help of the weather station settled in the vineyard of Segarcea. The biological material used for analysis consisted of grape varieties belonging to the newly introduced Mediterranean origin (fourth year after planting), Syrah and Marselan.  The test was done by using the method of randomized block with four variants, representing the varieties studied, constitutes studied varieties grown under identical adaphic and orographic (plateau) conditions.  The qualitative analysis of the varieties already mentioned was carried out every five days during the process of maturation and included: establishing the weight of 100 grains using an laboratory automatic analytical scale, determining  the sugar by using the refractive method (Abbe refractometer), determining the total acidity by using the process of maturity of the varieties of Mediterranean origin which  was traced by determining the glucose-acidimetric index rendered in the formula: IGA = G / TA, where G stands for sugars (carbohydrates) and At for total acidity of the soil.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS  Climatic factors were monitored in order to asses restrictive climatic indicators with an impact on the bioproductive an qualitative behavior of the soils being analyzed, the data being processed and analyzed in light of the general climatic indicators (unicriterial). Data regarding the assessment of heat (absolute minimum and maximum AnaleleUniversităţii din Craiova, seriaAgricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. LI/2021  44  temperatures, average temperatures), the assessment of light resources, the quantity of precipitation as well as the relative humidity in the air are climate factors which were processed and analysed. The thermal resources constitute the permanent element that, being variable, causes the most important manifestation of the vine (Martin, 1968). It is also known the lower threshold that triggers the biological processes of the vine at 10°C.  From the data given in Table 1 it is noted that this threshold was reached both in 2019 as well as in late spring of 2020 in Segarcea, when the average monthly temperatures were 12,2°C 13,5°correlated with absolute minimum temperatures 2,1°C 3,1°C. A criteria to asses the condition for the quality of grapes is indicated by the average temperature of the warmest month (July and August), which in Romania is a minimum of 18,5°C and maximum of 23,2°C. We noticed that in 2019 the temperatures exceeded the maximum monthly average (24,5°C), the year 2020 being optimal in this concern (22,8°C)-table 1.  Exceeding the maximum threshold allowed for our country (in 2019), is closely related to accumulating compounds that give black grapes and later the red wine the quality required. The absolute maximum temperature in August is a restrictive factor concerning the quality of grapes when the temperatures exceed 42°C. When air temperature reaches this value the process of photosynthesis is blocked leading to increased respiration and evapotranspiration, processes leading to lower levels of organic acids (malic acid), sugars and aromatic substances. This phenomenon was not recorded during the study analyzed,the maximum of temperature reached was of 38°C in August 2019 and 37,2°C in 2020. Average maximum temperature in August is a restrictive factor when it exceeds 34°C. During the reported period the value of this factor was 31,5°C in 2019 and 29,6°C in 2020 (Table 1).  The requirements for the soils analyzed for moisture content were estimated by precipitation and relative humidity (hygroscopicity). Overall, the years studied, represented in terms of hygroscopicity a normal year for an optimal growth of vines (values ranged from 50% in July and August to 82-93% in the rest of 2019). We can also observe that the average recorded UR/2019 72,9% is different from 2019 (78,1%). During the vegetation RH (%) it had optimal values (64,0% in 2019 and 68,6% in 2020) - Table 2. We AnaleleUniversităţii din Craiova, seriaAgricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. LI/2021  45  can say, in terms of rainfall, looking at the data given in Table 2, the period studied was characterized by fluid deficit which required the provision of a fluid through the irrigation system. We notice from this view restrictive August rainfall was losing 2,4 mm (2019) and 6,6 mm in 2020-Table 2. The light varies daily, the requirements of the vine varieties are different as for variety, age and stage of vegetation. This is expressed by the total amount of annual hours of sunlight (potential) and the amount of actual brightness (actual). As for Σir, following the estimation there is a higher favorability in 2020 (1827,9, 1684,6 hours to 2019 hours), and data regarding Σia indicates the presence of light in abundance, especially in ripening period (2438,7 hours 2397,7 hours in 2019 and 2020) - Table 2.  These issues are extremely important, dependent insolation quantities of grapes analyzed in dye content. In the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the scientific research in viticulture and winemaking for those chemical constituents of grapes which define different types of wine. The research on the potential quality of grapes is significant. In this respect, the curve of aging was tracked by determining the sugar, acidity and weight of 100 grains) for each species examined at intervals rigorously established. Due to small amount of rainfall recorded during the growing and maturation processes, a steady increase in grain weight was recorded, without significant changes. Among the Mediterranean soils studied, Syrah comes forward, covering a weight at harvest of 141,0 per 100 grains per 100 grains in 2019 and 140,1 in 2020, while Marselan variety, although it had a uniform growth, not managed to accumulate more than 115,3 g/100 grains in 2019, 114,1 g/100 grains in 2020 (Table 3). Due to the draught during the maturation phase (2,4 mm/m2 and 6,6 mm/m2 in 2019 in 2020) there are noticeable rapid decreases in acidity in all species analyzed until the first half of September. In point of acidity, both varieties recorded pH values approximately equal when they reached full maturation (Syrah 4,6 g/l and Marselan 4,5 g/l in 2019).  The year 2020 is remarkable for a more increased acidity in ripening grapes (Syrah 4,8 g/l and Marselan 4,7 g/l) - table quantitative 3.  The progressive accumulation, more or less spectacular, lead to obtaining a superior level of sugars in maturation, different in AnaleleUniversităţii din Craiova, seriaAgricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. LI/2021  46  varieties, with a maximum of the variety  Marselan (277 g/l) and a lower quantity of the variety Syrah (minimum 248 g/l), in 2019.  By paying attention to the dynamic of the maturation index in Figure 1, we notice that during the period studied, with climatic conditions already established, all the varieties meet the conditions necessary for obtaining high quality red wines, the best ripening being made by Marselan, closely followed by Syrah. In 2011, 23 French research laboratories collaborated in the LACCAVE project to study the effect of climate change in viticulture and potential grower’s adaptations (Ollat  et al., 2017).   CONCLUSIONS  Both 2019 and 2020 were, in terms of temperature and RH (%), average years for best conditions of growth of the vine. We can notice a steady increase in grain weight of the varieties analyzed by the end of August, after which, due to the precipitations in September 2019, compared to the same period in 2020, there was a change in the ratio of weight without any significant differences being registered in the harvest.It is the  same with determining  the amount of acid content.  In terms of accumulation of carbohydrates,we can notice that the variety Syrah shows a smaller amount when compared to Marselan all the way until the harvest. After determining the quality parameters of the Mediterranean varieties studied, we can say that both Syrah and Marselan were adapted to the climate of wine-growing region of Segarcea which brings together all the necessary conditions to obtain high quality red wines.    BIBLIOGRAPHY  1. Abbal P., Boulet J.C. and Moutounet M., 1992 - Utilisation de parametes physiques par la caracterisation de la veraison des baies de raisin.J.Intern. Scint. Vigni Vin. Nr.4 2. Caffarra A., Rinaldi M., Eccel E., Rossi V. and Pertot I., 2012 - Modelling the impact of climate change on the interaction between grapevine and its pests and pathogens: European grapevine moth and powdery mildew. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 148, 89–101. 3. Dejeu L., 2009 - Viticulturapractică. Ed. Ceres. București. 4. Drappier J., Thibon C., Rabot A. and Gény L., 2019 - Relationship between wine composition and temperature: Impact on Bordeaux AnaleleUniversităţii din Craiova, seriaAgricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. LI/2021  47  wine typicity in the context of global warming. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 59, 14–30. 5. Martin T., 1968 - Viticultura. Ed. Agrosilvică. București. 6. Mira de Orduna R., 2010 - Climate change associated effects on wine quality and production. Food Res. Int., 43, 1844–1855. 7. Ollat N., Peccoux A., Papura D., Esmenjaud D., Marguerit E., Tandonnet J.P., Bordenave L., Cookson S., Barrieu F. and Rossdeutsch L., 2017 - Rootstock as a component of adaptation to environment. In Grapevine in a Changing Environment: A Molecular and Ecophysiological Perspective; pp.56-58.  8. Ollat N., van Leeuwen C., de CortazarAtauri I.G., Touzard J.M., 2017 - The challenging issue of climate change for sustainable grape and wine production. OENO One, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (Université de Bordeaux), 51 (2), pp.59-60. 9. Panigai L., Tribault-Sovier I., Moncomble D., 1994 - Acidite des raisins et typicite de l′annee. Le vigneronchampenois. Nr.9. 10. Parker A., Garcia de Cortazar I., Gény L., Spring J.-L., Destrac A., Schultz H., Stoll M., Molitor D., Lacombe T. and Graça, A., 2019 -The temperature based Grapevine Sugar Ripeness (GSR) model for adapting a wide range of Vitisvinfera L. Cultivars in a Changing Climate. In Proceedings of the 21th International Giesco Meeting, Tessaloniki, Greece, Koundouras, S., Ed.; pp. 303–308. 11. Popa A., 2006 - DomeniulCoroaneiSegarcea. EdituraUniversitaria Craiova 12. Popa A., 2008 -Secretulvinului bun. Ed. Alma-Craiova   13. Spayd S., Tarara J., Mee D. and Ferguson J., 2002 - Separation of sunlight and temperature effects on the composition of Vitisvinifera cv. Merlot berries. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 53, 171–182. 14. Van Leeuwen C., Friant P., Chone X., Tregoat O., Koundouras S. and Dubourdieu D., 2004 - Influence of climate, soil and cultivar on terroir. Am. J. Enol. Vitic.36-40 15. Van Leeuwen C. Destrac-Irvine A. Dubernet M., Duchêne E., Gowdy M., Marguerit E., Pieri P., Parker A., de Rességuier L. and Ollat N., 2019 - An Update on the Impact of Climate Change in Viticulture and Potential Adaptations. Agronomy, 514.   16. Wheeler S.J., Black A.S. and Pickering G.J., 2005 - Vineyard floor management improves wine quality in highly vigorous Vitisvinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Crop. Hortic. Sci.  33, 317–328.  AnaleleUniversităţii din Craiova, seriaAgricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. LI/2021  48  Table 1  Climatic parameters (temperature) registred in theyear 2019 and 2020, in thewine-growing district Segarcea   Month Air temperature (°C) Absolute maximum Month medium Absolute minimum 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 I 9,8 12,4 -3,6 -0,9 -17,2 -13,0 II 18,5 16,4 3,2 1,2 -9,7 -11,6 III 21,2 18,5 8,5 9,2 -4,9 -2,0 IV 24,7 25,3 12,2 13,3 2,1 3,1 V 34,0 34,2 16,8 17,3 4,2 4,9 VI 35,2 34,3 21,3 20,1 9,1 6,5 VII 36,2 37,1 23,8 23,3 11,1 11,1 VIII 38 37,2 24,5 22,8 12,6 13,2 IX 36,2 34,6 16,7 20,1 4 7,3 X 24,4 27,9 12,5 11,6 0,6 -1,1 XI 22,6 18,7 6,1 7,4 -7,1 -0,9 XII 15,5 11,0 2,0 -0,5 -12,1 -19,4  Table 2  The hygroscopicityandinsolationsregistred in thewine-growing district Segarcea   Month Precipitations (mm) Air  relative moisture (%) Insolations (hours) ∑l ∑ia ∑ir 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019/ 2020 2019/ 2020 I 30,4 72,8 91 92 53,8 41,6      2438,7/ 2397,7      1684,6/ 1827,9 II 2,4 62,2 77 86 120,7 66,9 III 14,8 14,0 63 81 182,6 178,8 IV 56,4 48,4 76 77 253,2 265,6 V 34,6 51,2 71 72 280,6 277,8 VI 130,4 73,0 70 75 304,7 344,6 VII 59,2 107,2 50 66 335,9 289,9 VIII 2,4 6,6 50 59 369,0 351,2 IX 76 28,6 67 63 241,2 298,8 X 78,8 123,6 82 84 145,4 122,6 XI 13 56,4 85 90 74,8 71,5 XII 111,2 71,0 93 93 46,8 88,4 AnaleleUniversităţii din Craiova, seriaAgricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. LI/2021  49  Table 3   Determination of the qualitative parameters of the Mediterranean soils studied in the wine-growing district Segarcea  Para-meters Variety Calendaristic data 10VIII 15VIII 20VIII 25VIII 30VIII 5IX 10IX 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2010 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 Weight of 100 grains (g) Syrah 85,2 89,2 98,6 99,4 107,6 108,2 119,7 120,3 128,3 127,5 137,4 156,2 141,0 140,0 Marselan 68,3 70,1 73,9 74,2 80,3 80,9 87,8 89,2 97,4 98,3 107,9 106,1 115,3 114,1 Acidity (g/l H2SO4) Syrah 10,1 9,8 9,3 8,7 8,5 8,1 7,0 7,3 6,1 6,5 5,2 5,4 4,6 4,8 Marselan 11,0 10,8 9,5 9,6 8,7 8,8 7,3 7,5 6,6 6,8 5,3 5,7 4,5 4,7 Sugars (g/l) Syrah 170 173 187 182 191 190 203 209 214 220 246 243 248 249 Marselan 186 185 206 200 232 229 248 240 265 258 270 269 277 275   Figure 1 The dynamic of the maturation index by Marselan and Syrah registred in the wine-growing district Segarcea   16,8320,1 22,472935,0847,353,9116,9 21,6826,6633,9740,1550,9461,5510VIII 15VIII 20VIII 25VIII 30VIII 5IX 10IXSyrah Marselan

THE STUDY OF ACCLIMATIZATION OF GRAPES  OF MEDITERRANEAN ORIGIN TO THE WEATHER CONDITIONS OF THE WINE-GROWING REGIONS OF SEGARCEA

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THE STUDY OF ACCLIMATIZATION OF GRAPES OF MEDITERRANEAN ORIGIN TO THE WEATHER CONDITIONS OF THE WINE-GROWING REGIONS OF SEGARCEA

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series