Previous research of ten dairies at Ruta Invasora Cattle Raising Enterprise, in Ciego de Ávila, about the annual behavior of bioeconomic indicators of milk production singled out Dairy No. 1 as the most outstanding. It was then used as a comparison model in a case study, with the remaining nine units, based on the average reproductive, productive and economic indicators for the five-year period studied. Decomposition of seasonal time series to determine birth behavior was performed, using a multiplication model, considering 10 % above or below 100 %. Dairy No. 1 had birth peaks in the April-July period, with the highest values in May, which seemed to have determined a better behavior, especially in its best year, in relation with reproductive efficiency (78 % birth rate); productive, (1 393 kg/ha); and economic (0.86 CUP/kg of milk), in comparison with the rest of the units and the means from the years studied. These results corroborate the feasibility of improving milk production efficiency when the birth peaks occur within the rainy season

Curbelo Rodríguez, Lino M.

de Loyola Oriyés, Carlos

Estévez Alfayate, Jorge

Rodríguez Alonso, Evelyn

Soto Senra, Servando A.

Uña Izquierdo, Florentino

English

Portal de Revistas - Universidad de Camagüey

Rev. prod. anim., 26 (3): 2014 I S S N  2 2 2 4 - 7 9 2 0  Annual Behavior of Milk Production Bio economic Indicators in Dairies of Ruta Invasora Cattle Raising Enterprise, Ciego de Ávila. II. Case Study Dairy Florentino Uña Izquierdo, Servando A. Soto Senra; Lino M. Curbelo Rodríguez; Carlos de Loyola Oriyés, Evelyn Rodríguez Alonso and Jorge Estévez Alfayate Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Camagüey, Cuba florentino.una@reduc.edu.cu ABSTRACT Previous research of ten dairies at Ruta Invasora Cattle Raising Enterprise, in Ciego de Ávila, about the annual be-havior of bio economic indicators of milk production singled out Dairy No. 1 as the most outstanding. It was then used as a comparison model in a case study, with the remaining nine units, based on the average reproductive, pro-ductive and economic indicators for the five-year period studied. Decomposition of seasonal time series to determine birth behavior was performed, using a multiplication model, considering 10 % above or below 100 %. Dairy No. 1 had birth peaks in the April-July period, with the highest values in May, which seemed to have determined a better behavior, especially in its best year, in relation with reproductive efficiency (78 % birth rate); productive, (1 393 kg/ha); and economic (0.86 CUP/kg of milk), in comparison with the rest of the units and the means from the years studied. These results corroborate the feasibility of improving milk production efficiency when the birth peaks occur within the rainy season. Key Words: seasonability, births, milk production, efficiency  INTRODUCTION A great deal of factors governs dairy produc-tion, whose complexity is high (Holmes, 2001). Individual yields per area and annual total may be affected due to a wide range of handling aspects, including annual calving strategies, which can be anarchic or with poor birth control; or be goal-oriented, or time set (Guevara et al., 2007a). By reorienting the herd´s reproductive strategy higher bio-economic efficiency can be achieved, and it has been corroborated throughout different studies on isolated herds in the country (Rodrí-guez Saavedra, 2003) using the high yields and nutritional value of tropical pastures to convert them into animal products in the least expensive way (Senra, 2005). For each calving occurring in the most efficient period, an extra milk kg will be produced every year (Peña et al., 2012). Any increases in produc-tion without increases in supplies is noteworthy, taking into account the price of powder milk in the world market (Guevara et al., 2010; Loyola et al., 2010 and Soto et al., 2010). Accordingly, milk production gains critical im-portance in grazing systems, where efficiency of forage resources is vital, especially if concentrates and other supplements to increase the production potential of the system and the physical condi-tions of the grassland are used, making them much costlier (Guevara et al. 2003; Mena, 2014). The purpose of this research was to assess the effect of birth seasonability on the bio-productive and economic behaviors in a case study dairy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A previous five-year study (2008-2012) con-ducted at Ruta Invasora Cattle Raising Enterprise, in the province of Ciego de Ávila, focused on the behavior of bio-economic indicators. Of the ten dairies in the study, No. 1 showed the best results, which were used for comparison in a case study. The dairy had crossbred animals (Holstein x Zebu), in 122 ha of grazing land and a mean of 138 cattle heads (UGM) (PV: 400 kg/UGM) in the period studied (1.1 UGM/ha). The availability of dry matter (MS) was 10.4 kg MS/cow/day, higher than the mean of the remaining units (8.4 kg MS/cow/day). Forage balance was nega-tive in both seasons (- 7 t MS in the rainy season, and – 98 t MS in the dry season). Average annual Norgold@ consumption was 5.2 t MS, similar to the total mean of all the units (5.1 t MS). The calves were subjected to restricted breastfeeding in rotational grazing.  To determine the birth behavior in the case study, decomposition of seasonal time series was Annual Behavior of Milk Production Bio economic Indicators in Dairies of Ruta Invasora Cattle Raising Enterprise, Ciego de Ávila. II. Case Study Dairy Rev. prod. anim., 26 (3): 2014 used, through a multiplication model, considering 10 % above or below 100 % (SPSS, 2006). Dairy No. 1 was compared with all the other nine units assessed, using  the following indica-tors (five-year study average) as reference: cow average reproduction (cab); total days of lactation (d); calving/calving interval (d); cow average (cab); natality (%); milk production/ha/year; milk production kg/ha/year; milk production kg/work unit (UT); forage t/cow/year; produced milk t - t forage consumed relation; and cost of produced milk kg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Birth seasonal behavior in the case study dairy (see figure), shows peaks  in the April-July pe-riod, especially in May, which is similar to reports by several authors (Rath, 2003; Holmes, 2006; Guevara et al., 2007b and Soto, 2010). For Cuban climatic conditions it is critical to ad-just the requirements for improved grassland pos-sibilities. Positive dividends are reported in Cuba, in studies made in production conditions where high percentages of births in the rainy months have occurred spontaneously in most of the cases, as reported by García López et al. (2005), Soto (2010) and Mena (2014), for different scenarios, usually characterized by low costs, cost-effectiveness, optimum grassland use, and reduc-tion of extra feedstuffs in the system. Further-more, appropriate economic performance has cor-roborated our results, making the seasonal proposal for milk production a solid alternative for dairies.  Table 1 shows the best behavior of unit No. 1, which is above the mean of all dairies assessed, and the five-year period mean of dairy No. 1, with a better reproductive behavior in relation to natali-ty and calving-calving interval. The behavior of natality has resulted in interval shortening, and it is an indicator that should be taken into account to determine the reproductive efficiency of the herd (Brito et al., 2001). In fact, estrus detection efficiency is related with the inter-calving period (IPP), the one most commonly used, and may be considered as an in-dicator for cow fertility due to its increased corre-lation with several direct fertility measures im-plemented (Pryce et al., 1998), regarding two elements: calving-gestation interval (IPG), or ser-vicing period (PS), the key element in IPP lasting. The inter-calving period, the number of services made to achieve gestation, and the gestation rate, are related to embryo mortality, and the chance that cows have normal genital tracts, along with normal ovarian activity after calving (Plaizier and King, 1996). All these reports have been corroborated by Bertot (2007) in facilities of the Dairy Basin, us-ing databases collected for 22 years (1984-2006), and Loyola (2010), in studies on calving intensifi-cation, both in the province of Camagüey.  During lactation, the values were also positive for the case study dairy and its best performance year, indicating that the occurrence of birth peaks in the rainy season favors longer lactation periods with fewer restrictions and better use of pasture. Guevara (2004) found very significant and better responses, when calving was mainly concentrated in the early rainy season, with young cows, in co-operatives in Ciego de Ávila, with more than 230 days of lactation in grazing conditions. Soto (2010) reported an average of 240 days of lacta-tion in dairies with more than 70 % births pro-duced in the April-August period.  As expected, these results effected on milk pro-duction efficiency for the case study (Table 2). Similar results to Lamela et al. (1998) were achieved for individual production, in cows graz-ing in clusters of graminaceae, crawling legumes and trees that reached 5.7-6.6 kg/cow/day, which tell of the importance of including these technolo-gies in tropical grazing dairy systems, not only for yield increases, but also because of greater nu-trient contribution from milk. In addition, it also proves that it is possible to obtain better results by making appropriate adjustments in zoo technical handling of the herd, without overloading the production costs. Likewise, García-Trujillo (1983) referred to yields of 6-7 kg/cow/day in na-tive and improved (non-fertilized) graminaceae pastures.  According to the literature reviewed (Stobbs, 1976) on the possibility of 1 000-2 500 kg/ha/year in the tropical areas, in dairy systems with native grass, or improved fertilizer-free graminaceae (loads of 0.8-1.5 cows/ha); that possibility is evi-dent in the case study dairy, where the birth peak matched the season with the highest forage bio-mass availability. Production per UT is also an important indicator. Mc Meekan (1963) calls the attention on city migration as a sensible pheno-menon affecting dairy systems recently reported F. Uña, S. A. Soto; L. M. Curbelo; C. de Loyola, Evelyn Rodríguez y J. Estévez Rev. prod. anim., 26 (3): 2014 by Baisre (2008), since the production indexes per worker are critical to improve economic efficien-cy, representing more income and advantages for the dairy business, and making producers more inclined to the occupation (Senra, 2005; Guevara et al., 2007a). As Table 3 shows, dairy No. 1 was more effi-cient, considering the behavior of variable in-come-expenses, higher than the mean values of the rest of dairies assessed. As a result, the pro-duction costs for a kg of milk were the lowest. In that particular case, the production cost from the best year is close to reports by Soto (2010) in calving concentration studies in the April-August period, with reports of 0.79 CUP/kg of milk for more than 70 % of births in the period, inferior to reports by Mena (2014) in similar studies con-ducted in state-owned dairies in the province of Ciego de Avila (1.09 CUP/kg of milk). Anyhow, a decline in production costs, especial-ly in imports, represents an essential element to achieve a higher stage in the system´s efficiency and food self-sufficiency of the country. CONCLUSIONS The case study proved that the occurrence of the birth peak in the rainy season favors higher effi-ciency of bio-productive and economic indicators of low-input dairy systems, in the province of Ciego de Ávila. REFERENCES BAISRE, J. A. (2008). S.O.S. Homo sapiens. La Haba-na, Cuba: Editorial Científico Técnica. BERTOT, J. A. (2007). Modelo estructural para mejo-rar la organización y el control de la reproducción de sistemas vacunos lecheros. Tesis de doctorado en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Cama-güey, Cuba. BRITO, R.; BLANCO, G.; CALDERÓN, R.; PREVAL, B. y CAMPO, E. (2001). Patología de la reproducción animal. La Habana, Cuba: Editorial Félix Varela. GARCÍA LÓPEZ, R.; BETANCOURT, J. A.; GUEVARA, R.; FAJARDO, H. y ÉVORA, J. C. (2005). Época de par-to, un asunto de interés para ganadería de leche y carne en el trópico. Artículo presentado en I Con-greso Internacional de Producción Animal, III Congreso Internacional sobre Mejoramiento Ani-mal, Palacio de Las Convenciones, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. GARCÍA TRUJILLO, C. (1983). Potencial y utilización de los pastos tropicales para la producción de leche. En Los pastos en Cuba (Segunda ed.; vol. 2; pp. 247-298). La  Habana, Cuba: Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA). GUEVARA, G. (2004). Valoración de los sistemas le-cheros cooperativos de la cuenca Camagüey-Jimaguayú. Tesis de doctorado en Ciencias Veteri-narias, Universidad de Camagüey, Cuba. GUEVARA, G.; GUEVARA, R.; CURBELO, L. y SPENCER, M. (2003). Evolución y eficiencia de los sistemas de producción de leche en un municipio de Cama-güey, Cuba, período 1959 a 2002. Extraído el 25 marzo de 2008, desde http://www.reduc.edu.cu/147/05//14705107.pdf. GUEVARA, R. V.; SOTO, S. A.; CURBELO, L. M.; DE LOYOLA ORIYÉS, C. J.; GUEVARA, G. E.; BERTOT, J. A. et al. (2010). Aproximación al estudio de los factores que pueden afectar la eficiencia bioeconó-mica y ambiental en sistemas estaciónales de pro-ducción de leche que se desarrollen en Cuba (Artí-culo reseña). Revista de Producción Animal, 22 (2). GUEVARA, R.; DEL RISCO, S; GUEVARA, G.; CURBELO, L y SOTO, S. A. (2007a). Evaluación del compor-tamiento productivo de vaquerías comerciales en relación con el patrón de pariciones anuales. II. Es-tudio de caso. Rev. Prod. Anim., 19 (2), 93-97. GUEVARA, R.; GUEVARA, G.; CURBELO, L.; DEL RISCO, S; SOTO, S. A.; ESTÉVEZ, J. y ANDÚJAR, O. (2007b). Posibilidades de la producción estacional de leche en Cuba en forma sostenible. Rev. prod. anim., (número especial), 19-27. HOLMES, C. W. (2001). Features of Dairy Production Systems in competition countries (Dairy Farming Annual). New Zealand: Massey University. HOLMES, C. W. (2006). Seminario de trabajo sobre el sistema de producción de leche pastoril en Nueva Zelanda. Buenos Aires, Argentina (Visita de trabajo a la Universidad de Buenos Aires). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Universidad de Buenos Aires. LAMELA, L.; MATÍAS, C. y DÍAZ, M. (1998). Siembra y establecimiento de un sistema silvopastoril en una vaquería comercial. Artículo presentado en Fórum Provincial de Proteína, Matanzas, Cuba. LOYOLA, C. J. (2010). Efectos de una mayor intensi-dad de partos al inicio de la época lluviosa, sobre la eficiencia bioeconómica de vaquerías comercia-les. Tesis de doctorado en Ciencias Veterinarias, ICA-UNAH, La Habana, Cuba. LOYOLA, C. J.; GUEVARA, R. V.; GUEVARA, G. E.; CURBELO, L. M. y SOTO SENRA, S. A. (2010). Si-mulación de la intensificación de la parición al ini-cio del período lluvioso, con mejora de la base fo-rrajera, en la eficiencia bioeconómica. Revista de Producción Animal, 22 (2). Mc MEEKAN. (1963). De pasto a leche. Nueva Zelan-da: Ed. Hemisferio Sur. MENA, M. (2014). Efecto de patrones de concentra-ción de parición en el período abril-agosto en la Annual Behavior of Milk Production Bio economic Indicators in Dairies of Ruta Invasora Cattle Raising Enterprise, Ciego de Ávila. II. Case Study Dairy Rev. prod. anim., 26 (3): 2014 eficiencia bio-económica en vaquerías comerciales de Ciego de Ávila. Tesis de maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible. PEÑA, I.; CORVISÓN, R.; VIDAL, F. y RODRÍGUEZ, Y. (2012). Evaluación productiva de bovinos lecheros en condiciones de la provincia Camagüey. Rev. prod. anim., 24 (2). PLAIZIER, J. C. B. y KING, G. J. (1996). Measuring Re-productive Performance in Dairy Cattle. Develop-ments of Feed Supplementation Strategies for Im-prove Ruminant Productivity on Small-Holder Farms in Latin America Through the Use of Immu-noassay Techniques. FAO, IAEA. PRYCE, J.; ESSELMONT, R. J.; THOMPSON, R.; VEERKAMP, R. F.; KOSSAIBATI, M. y SIMM G. (1998). Estimation of Genetic Parameters using Health, Fertility and Production Data from a Man-agement Recording System for Dairy Cattle. Anim. Sci., 66, 577-584. RATH, M. (2003). Irish Dairy Farm. Univ. of Dublin. College of Agriculture. RODRÍGUEZ SAAVEDRA, C. (2003). Influencia del patrón de pariciones anuales en el plano nutricional en la producción de leche de vacas anéstricas y la eficiencia bioeconómica de cooperativas lecheras, Ciego de Ávila. Tesis de maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible, Universidad de Camagüey, Cu-ba. Senra, A. F. (2005). Índices para controlar la eficiencia y sostenibilidad del ecosistema del pastizal en la explotación bovina. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola, 39 (1), 13. SOTO, S. (2010). Influencia de la distribución y con-centración de parición en la eficiencia bio-económica de la producción de leche en vaquerías del municipio de Jimaguayú, Camagüey. Tesis de doctorado en Ciencias Veterinarias, ICA-UNAH, La Habana, Cuba. SOTO, S.; GUEVARA, V. R.; SENRA, P. A.; GUEVARA, V. G.; OTERO, A. y CURBELO, R. L. (2010). In-fluencia de la distribución de parición anual y el aprovechamiento del pasto en los resultados alcan-zados en vaquerías de la cuenca de Jimagüayú, Camagüey. I. Indicadores productivos y reproduc-tivos. Revista de Producción Animal, 22 (2). SPSS (2006). SPSS 15.0 para Windows (version 15.0.1). STOBBS, T. H. (1976). Seminario Internacional de Ga-nadería Tropical. Banco de México, Acapulco.  Received: 22-6-2014 Accepted: 1-7-2014    Fig. 1. Seasonal behavior in dairy No. 1 (case study)          Table 1. Seasonal behavior of reproductive indicators for the case study Variables Dairy mean va-lues Best unit Dairy No. 1 Best year Dairy No. 1 Difference dairy vs best year Cow average reproduction (cab) 136 143 148 +12 Cow average (cab) 130 135 140 +10 Natality (%) 69 72 78 +9 Calving/calving interval (d) 361 356 349 -12 Total lactation days(d) 263 269 271 +8  Table 2. Behavior of milk production efficiency (kg) for the case study Variables Dairy mean va-lues Best unit Dairy No. 1 Best year Dairy No. 1 Difference dairy vs best year Total production 174 314 276 677 295 812 +121 498 Production/ha 1 050 1 183 1 393 +343 Production/cow 3.9 5.1 6.2 +2.3 Production/U. work 1 786 2 186 2 576 +793   Table 3. Behavior of economic indicators for the case study (CUP) Variables Dairy mean va-lues Best unit Dairy No. 1 Best year Dairy No. 1 Difference dairy vs best year Total expenses  84 878.54 113 466.82 115 962.32 +31 083.78 Expenses/ha 673.13 816.43 898.53 +225.40 Total income 110 694.42 182 702.87 185 641.13 +74 946.71 income/milk 101 110.30 149 737.65 181 072.13 +79 961.83 Income/ha 2 786.10 2 986.47 3 182.25 +396.15 Cost milk kg 0.94 0.91 0.86 -0.08 Income-expenses 24 798.88 85 732.05 88 196.81 +63 397.93    

Annual Behavior of Milk Production Bio economic Indicators in  Dairies of Ruta InvasoraCattle Raising Enterprise, Ciego de Ávila. II. Case Study Dairy.

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Annual Behavior of Milk Production Bio economic Indicators in Dairies of Ruta InvasoraCattle Raising Enterprise, Ciego de Ávila. II. Case Study Dairy.

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