Poster from the 2016 Food & Nutrition Conference & Expo. Poster Session: Food/Nutrition Science; Education; Management; Food Services/Culinary; Research

Ludy, Mary-Jon

Mansperger, J.

Tomko, P.

Tucker, R. M.

English

Bowling Green State University: ScholarWorks@BGSU

Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU Public and Allied Health Faculty Publications Public and Allied Health 9-1-2016 The Influence of Modest Weight Gain on Taste and Smell Acuity in College Freshmen P. Tomko Bowling Green State University J. Mansperger Bowling Green State University R. M. Tucker Bowling Green State University Mary-Jon Ludy Bowling Green State University, mludy@bgsu.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/publ_allied_health_pub Repository Citation Tomko, P.; Mansperger, J.; Tucker, R. M.; and Ludy, Mary-Jon, "The Influence of Modest Weight Gain on Taste and Smell Acuity in College Freshmen" (2016). Public and Allied Health Faculty Publications. 16. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/publ_allied_health_pub/16 This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Public and Allied Health at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public and Allied Health Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. The Influence of Modest Weight Gain on Taste and Smell Acuity in College Freshmen  Authors: Tucker RM, Ludy MJ, Tomko PM, Mansperger J  Background: Reduced taste and smell acuities are common among those with high body mass index (BMI). Evidence of improved taste sensitivity after modest weight loss (~3-4 kg) exists in overweight individuals. Whether taste and smell decrements precede or result from weight gain is unknown. This study’s purpose was to determine the effect of modest weight gain on taste and smell acuity.  Methods: College freshmen (n=60), a cohort at risk for modest weight gain, were assessed upon arrival to campus and 5 months later. Weight, BMI, and body fat percent (%BF) were measured. Intensity ratings for graded, suprathreshold concentrations of sweet (n=3) and salty (n=3) solutions, as well as a suprathreshold orange odor were assessed. Paired samples t-tests were used to indicate change from baseline to follow-up. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to identify associations between variables.  Results: Sixty participants (82% female, 92% white, 18.1±0.3 years) completed testing. BMI (22.9±3.8 to 23.6±4.1kg/m2) and %BF (24.5±9.6 to 27.1±9.1%) increased at follow-up (p<0.001 for both). Weight gain (62.8±12.8 to 64.6±13.7kg, range -2.9 to +9.1kg) occurred in 79% of participants. No changes in taste intensity for low, medium, and high concentrations of sweet or salty solutions were observed. No change in smell intensity was observed over time, although smell intensity at follow-up was negatively associated with BMI (r=-0.36, p=0.048).  Conclusions: Modest weight gain in college freshmen did not influence taste acuity. Lack of change in intensity ratings may relate to use of suprathreshold concentrations rather than detection thresholds, or recruitment of a predominantly lean population.  Learning Outcome: Participants will be able to discuss the influence of weight change on taste and smell acuity. AbstractBackground: Reduced taste and smell acuities are common among those with high BMI. Evidence of improved taste sensitivity after modest weight loss (~3-4 kg) exists in overweight individuals. Whether taste and smell decrements precede or result from weight gain is unknown. This study’s purpose was to determine the effect of modest weight gain on taste and smell acuity.Methods: College freshmen (n=60), a cohort at risk for modest weight gain, were assessed upon arrival to campus and 5 months later. Weight, BMI, and body fat percent (%BF) were measured. Intensity ratings for graded, suprathreshold concentrations of sweet (n=3) and salty (n=3) solutions, as well as a suprathreshold orange odor were assessed. Mann-Whitney-U tests were used to indicate change from baseline to follow-up. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to identify associations between variables.Results: Sixty participants (82% female, 92% white, 18.1±0.3 years) completed testing. BMI (22.9±3.8 to 23.6±4.1kg/m2) and %BF (24.5±9.6 to 27.1±9.1%) increased at follow-up (p<0.001 for both). Weight gain (62.8±12.8 to 64.6±13.7kg, range -2.9 to +9.1kg) occurred in 79% of participants. No changes in taste intensity for low, medium, and high concentrations of sweet or salty solutions were observed. No change in smell intensity was observed over time, although smell intensity at follow-up was negatively associated with BMI (r=-0.36, p=0.048).Conclusions: Modest weight gain in college freshmen did not influence taste acuity. Lack of change in intensity ratings may relate to use of suprathreshold concentrations rather than detection thresholds, or recruitment of a predominantly lean population.Learning Outcome: Participants will be able to discuss the influence of weight change on taste and smell acuity.The Influence of Modest Weight Gain on Taste and Smell Acuity in College FreshmenPatrick M. Tomko,1 Josie A. Mansperger,1 Robin M. Tucker2, Mary-Jon Ludy11Department of Public and Allied Health, Bowling Green State University; 2Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State UniversityIntroduction• Taste and smell contribute to the hedonic value (or pleasantness) of food.• Hedonic value plays important role in food selection and intake (1).• Individuals with high BMI typically experience impaired taste and smell sensitivity (2, 3).• This could cause them to eat more to achieve sufficient levels of reward (3).• After weight loss, taste sensitivity improves (4, 5).• No studies have measured sensitivity changes as weight is gained.Figure A Figure BFigure CFigure DResearch QuestionDoes weight gain impair taste and/or smell acuity? We hypothesized that first-year students who gained the most weight would experience decreases in taste and smell sensitivity. References & Acknowledgements(1) Schutz HG, Wahl OL. Consumer perception of the relative importance of appearance, flavor and texture to food acceptance. In: Criteria of Food Acceptance Symposium Proceedings. 1981. p. 97–116. (2) Richardson BE, Vander Woude EA, Sudan R, Thompson JS, Leopold DA. Altered olfactory acuity in the morbidly obese. ObesSurg. 2004;14: 967–969. (3) Stewart JE, Keast RSJ. Recent fat intake modulates fat taste sensitivity in lean and overweight subjects. Int J Obes. 2012;36: 834–842. (4) Umabiki M, Tsuzaki K, Kotani K, Nagai N, Sano Y, Matsuoka Y, Kitaoka K, Okami Y, Sakane N, Higashi A. The improvement of sweet taste sensitivity with decrease in serum leptin levels during weight loss in obese femalesTohoku J Exp Med. 2010;220(4):267-71.(5) Burge JC, Schaumburg JZ, Choban PS, DiSilvestro RA, Flancbaum L. Changes in patients’ taste acuity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for clinically severe obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jun 30;95(6):666-70.This study was supported by the DuPont Nutrition & Health/Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics Research DPG Pilot Grant Program (RMT, MJL), the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (RMT), and Michigan AgBioResearch (RMT).MethodsFigure 1. Study protocol• SPSS (v 24.0, IBM Corp.) was used for analysis.• Data were not normally distributed, so non-parametric tests were used.• Due to the large degree of variation in weight change, participants were split into quartiles.• Comparisons were made between the lowest (≤ 25th percentile) and highest (≥ 75th percentile) gainers.ParticipantRecruitment:August/SeptemberFirst year students living on campus.Anthropometric Testing: August/September and JanuaryHeight (stadiometer)Weight(scale)BF% (BIA)Olfactory Testing: August/September and JanuaryIntensity ratings of one concentration of orange odor. Test was duplicated.TasteTesting: August/September and JanuaryIntensity ratings of low, medium, and high concentrations of sucrose (sweet) and sodium chloride (salty) solutions. Nose clips were worn. Samples were randomized.Results*5060708090100110Baseline Fo llo w-upWeight (kg) Average Weight Change Over Time:Lowest Weight Gainers (≤ 25th Percentile)5060708090100110Baseline Fo llo w-upWeight (kg) Average Weight Change Over Time: Highest Weight Gainers (≥ 75th Percentile)24283236404448Baseline Fo llo w-up% BFAverage %BF Change Over Time: Lowest Weight Gainers (≤ 25th Percentile)24283236404448Baseline Fo llo w-up% BFAverage %BF Change Over Time:Highest Weight Gainers (≥ 75th Percentile)Conclusions• Modest weight, BMI, and %BF change did not influence                                                               perceived intensity of sweet and salty tastes or olfactory sensitivity in college freshmen.• This could be due to:• Suprathreshold concentrations rather than detection thresholds, • Predominantly lean rather than overweight/obese population,• Or the small sample size. Results (continued)Figure 2. No differences in sweet intensity (ratings based on 100 mm) between individuals in the 25thpercentile of weight gain compared to the 75th percentile (mean ± SD, n=15 per group). No differences were observed between baseline and follow-up for either group – indicating stability over time.Figure 3. No differences in salt intensity (ratings based on 100 mm) between individuals in the 25thpercentile of weight gain compared to the 75th percentile (mean ± SD, n=15 per group). No differences were observed between baseline and follow-up for either group – indicating stability over time.020406080100Low SaltyBaselineMe d SaltyBaselineHigh SaltyBaselineLow SaltyFo llo w-upMe d SaltyFo llo w-upHigh SaltyFo llo w-upVAS Scale Perceived Salt Intensity25t h pct 75t h pct020406080100Low SweetBaselineMe d Swe etBaselineHigh SweetBaselineLow SweetFo llo w-upMe d Swe etFo llo w-upHigh SweetFo llo w-upVAS ScalePerceived Sweet Intensity25t h pct 75t h pct*Figure 1. For the highest weight gainers (≥ 75th percentile) there were significant increases in both weight (B) and %BF (D) from baseline to follow-up (p<0.05). No significant differences were noted for the lowest weight gainers (A, C). N=15 per group and    denotes a significant difference.*A BC DAge 18.1±0.3 yearsSex 82% female (n=49)Race 92% white (n=55)BMI 22.9±3.8 à 23.6±4.1kg/m2%BF 24.5±9.6 à 27.1±9.1%Weight 62.8±12.8 à 64.6±13.7kg• Among all participants (n=60)• Weight increased 1.9±2.3 kg from August/September to January (p<0.001, range -2.9 to +9.1kg).• %BF increased 1.9±3.4% from August/September to January (p<0.001, range -5.0 to +9.2%).• No differences in weight or %BF change were observed between males and females.• No consistent correlations were seen with weight gain and taste or smell intensity ratings.Table 1. Participant Characteristics*

The Influence of Modest Weight Gain on Taste and Smell Acuity in College Freshmen

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The Influence of Modest Weight Gain on Taste and Smell Acuity in College Freshmen

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