MASAI Yasuo

MASAI, Yasuo

5277

International Christian University Repository / 国際基督教大学リポジトリ

Geographic Analyses of the 1 : 200,000 Land Use Map of the National Capital Region Yasuo MASAI* 363 This paper 1s a summary of the present writer's research on the analyses of the 1: 200,000 Land Use Map of the National Capital Region (Shutoken〕published by the Shutok.en Seibi Iinkai in 1964. The map was chiefly made by Dr. Masami ICHIKAWA, of Department of Geography, Tokyo Kyoiku Uni-versity and the present writer with valuable cooperations of the sta旺 membersof the National Capital Region Research Group. 1. Making of the 1 200, 000 Land Use Map of the National Ca凶ta!Region In making 由e1目200,000Land Use Map of tbe National Capi-tal Region, a considerable device was necessary in selectmg color tones, so that the map could become more artistic and distinguishable. After discussing the matter with Dr. Masami ICHIKAWA and the other fellow researchers, the general tone of the map was made more limpid, primarily because of the artistic viewpomt. Some important land uses such as urban commercial, tea field, or orchard were shown m more or less confusing colors with other land uses on the draft map. To correct these担aws,color tones of these land use 1 tems were made clearer w1 th heavier tones tha叫 onthe draft map As a result, the finished map shows well the distributicn of maior urban places quite evenly * Assistant Professer of Ochanomizu Umvers1ty 364 apaced in the plains area as if the central place theory would be applicable to a great degree, and that of orchards spec1自Callylocated on the composite fans festooning the Kofu Basm, and also m mant1me regions of Kanagawa and Chiba Prefec-tures with their own charactenstic natural condit10ns. Although not widely distnbuted, a number of small orchards are scattered around Tokyo’s built-up areas, showmg the nature of urban market-onented suburban farming areas with recreational purposes. Tea五eldspresented in dark green are clearly seen around the Sayama Hills northwest of Tokyo and a few other localities. 2. Qualitative Analyses The w口terconducted a few field surveys m the National Capital Region m order to ascertain the land uses shown on the 1 200, 000 Land Use Map and to make some qualitative understandmgs. On the Segamihara Diluvrnl Upland, urbamzation has been phenomenal and, on the contrary, agricultural lands have been decreasmg in area very rapidly. In terms of land use, mul-berry fields which were very characteristic of the reg10n for many years have been decreasmg, and most mulberry trees are now to be found on the margms of ordmary fields growmg vegetables and cereals, although there stil remam compact mulberry五eldsscatteredly. On the land use map, however, mulberry tends to be exaggerated in area. A similar situation is true with practically al the areas containing mulberry trees Suburban sprawl was another important topic of the五eldsurveys. The most stnkmg patterns of this phenomenon of sprawl is to be seen in the western suburbs of Tokyo along the Chuo Railroad, as repeatedly described and explamed by many researchers But only on this kmd of land use map showing al the land uses, not restncting to urban, in and around 365 Tokyo m a fairly detailed fashion, actual situations of suburban sprawl can be recognized as a reality. Compared with the suburban areas along the Chuo Railroad, urban expans10n along the Tokaido Railroad is considerably different, with larger patches of urbamzed sections Toward north or east of Tokyo, urbanization takes a stil further differ-ent type with least sprawling for Japanese urbanization. This is mainly because of the natural condition of low marshy terrain and the less developed railroad network on the Shimoosa Upland. Locat10n of rural villages was considered relative to physical conditions. Many agglomerated rural settlements in the heart of the Kanto Structural Basin tend to be located in a particular condit10n, that is, they are located on natural levees or inland sanddunes or other naturally higher 1artds than the immediately surrounding alluvial lowlands. Linear settlements along the coast of Kuiukurihama are another example of rural settlements with a close relat10n to natural environments The well-known fact that the coast has seen successive retreats of shorehne in the past is now represented by仕iesettlement form. Strassen-dorf-type villages on the Musashino Upland are also clearly shown on the map as a distinct pattern of shtnden. Distribution of forests m the National Capital Reg10n involves another problem. Overwhelmingly dommant distribution of forests m the mountainous areas is a common nature of Japan, but the plains area shows an interesting pattern As is well known, this is the only part of Japan that contams a consider-ably large area of plain forest exceptmg Hokkaido Forests here are mostly located on diluvial uplands, especially on the 担anksslopmg fairly steeply in general, resultmg in the distn-bution pattern of a meticulous patchwork with a close relation to landforms. ~ Future development of the National Capital Region should be planned m consideration of the existing forests which tend to be cut very fast in large numbers because of 366 urbanization and mdustnalization as well as of expansion of farmland. Future land use of the reg10n should contain a sizable area of forest in plains area so as to be used as parks or picnic grounds and as amenities of residentialロrcumstances.Recent land use changes may be summarized as follows: (Around Tokyo ・ ・ ・ Paddy →Urban Lowland ( lOthers ・ ……・…］Paddy (no change) ' Hatake→Paddy , I Hatake→Urban rAround Tokyo …・ iForest-> Urban, hatake Upland I . ¥Others………・ jHatake(no change) 、）Forest→Hatake1 /Hatake→Urban, golf -links Hill, [Around Tokyo ・・・田 ¥For出 →Urban, golf links mt foot lo恥 rsH ・H ・....・H・－jHa地 e(no change〕' lForest ->Hatake (Around Tokyo (not applicable) Mountam( , lOthers ・ ・ H・－…...~Hatake (no change) 、＂＼ Forest(no change) (Hatake means a dry cultivated自eld(s)where wheat, potato, vegetables, fruits, and others except paddy are grown.) 3. Quantitative Analyses It is a very d1伍cultbut very necessary problem to scrutinize the land uses of the Nat10nal Capital Region in terms of a quantitative approach. However, such a meticulous patchwork of land use as represented on the map cannot be understood easlly unless quantitative analyses are made along with the qualitative ones. The method used for the analyses is as follows・ first, a mesh at 500m intervals was opt1onally overlaid on the 1: 200,000 land useロiapand then al land uses located at al the inter-sect10ns of the mesh were counted by items of land use, so that the general pattern could be represented. By counting such a great number of land uses .some 80, 000 local託児島367 minor variances in land uses that failed to be counted because of the only count of those at mtersectrnns, would be overlooked in thrn case. All the land uses at intersections were then plotted in different colors on a large sheet of tracmg paper partitioned into hundreds of sub-regions and sub-divisions as described below. In doing so, cumulative totals can easily be measured according to the purposes such as the consideration of concentric or radial patterns or that of the relat10nships to natural conditions. Second, the National Capital Region was divided into some 400 sub-reg10ns and sub-divisions by drawmg concentric circles at lOkm. intervals, and also drawmg radiatmg straight Imes mutually with the angle of 18°, both of which are centered on Tokyo Station. Prefectural boundaries and the divides of maior watersheds which appear on the land use map were also con-sidered for the making of the sub-reg10ns. Finally, all the land uses counted by the above-mentioned method were tallied for each sub-region. The ultimate obiective of the writer’s research was to com・prehend the general pattern of the land uses withm the Nat10nal Capital Region in a close relationship to water use To attain this, the writer mtended to make a table showing the area of each land use item, e.g., urban commercial, paddy, or forest, by sub-regions established by the above-mentioned method, and also to make a generalized land use map d1v1ded into many homogeneous land-use regions. These homogeneous land司useregions were constructed by combining al the land uses m the same categories located at the intersect10ns of the 500m -inter-val mesh, on condition that the land uses at mtersect10ns are not intervened or separated by any other land uses. These data are printed in Shuto・h抑制 Mizu-shzgenKazhatsu, edited by Prof. M. ROYAMA and Prof. T. ICHINOSE (Publisher: University of Tokyo Press, 1968〕．368 The table described above is thought to be very useful for the quantitative comprehension of land use patterns around the great metropohs. Land uses around Tokyo show a somewhat concentric zonal structure as revealed by total mg al land uses of each concentric zone Sector analysis is also to be made by summing up land uses of each sector shown m the table. Actual land use of each prefecture or watershed can also be understood in the same way. If a watershed basin is complete in water balance, present and future water use may be attained relatively easily by measuring the volume of water needed for each land use item whose total area is known. In actuah ty, however, water balance, both physical and human, is mcomplete within the watershed basin, and interregional systems of water use are common. The most striking of these is the much debated relat10n of the Tama River basin, upon which Tokyo has long depended to a great degree, with the Tone River basm,. which 1s one of the largest drainage in Japan. Newly completed Tone Aqmduct 1s a good example of the interregional cooper-ation. For such a project, the table would be very useful, if scientific and unpre1ud1ced judgments are rendered. Urbamzat10n of the National Capital Region is a phenomenal geographic fact to be noticed as mentioned above. Ever~ increasing urban populat10n will need much more land for urban purposes and inevitably will be confronted with much harder conflicts with agriculture. Analysis of the table shows that the first lOkm. concentric zone of Tokyo is almost thoroughly urbanized by 1964, the percentage of urbamzed area bemg 90. 7 as shown in Tabel 1 Urbanization is stil conspicuous in the second concentric zone, that is, 10-20 km. from Tokyo’s center, bemg 47. 9% Urbamzation rat10 decreases toward periphery until 40km. circle around Tokyo, whereas m a few radial sectors it is relatively high until 50 km from Tokyo’s center as shown m Table 2. Table 1. Concentric Zone Structure of Urbanization m the National Capital Region Concentric zone 日凹IV v Vl 、百四民x 羽Distance from Tokyo’s center (km.) 0-10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90ー100100-110 Urbanization ratio 90.7 47.9 in land use （＇の15.4 9.1 3.3 2.1 1.0 ).6 0°8 1.6 J. 2 Of which, commercial 32.0 5・22.5 ). 7 1-1 o.g Q.6 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 residential 50.0 36.8 9.9 3.8 1.4 o.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 mdustnal 3.4 3.3 1.4 ).8 o.6 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 public 5.3 2°6 ).6 1.s 0.2 0.2 0.01 0.04 0.01 0-07 0.01 選Table 2 Urbanization Ratio of the National Capital Region by Concentric Zones and Radial Sectors 〈同〕(Figures in brackets are units containing sea or areas outside National Capital Region. that 2l コare excluded in percentage calculation.) ＼＼ケ~；；＞恥〉I II 田日fv VI Vil 刊［医x 〉司Hadial 、＼、O～10 10～20 20～30 30～40 40～50 50～60 60～70 70～80 80～90 90～100 100～110 sector 1 〔100.0) (100. 0) (13. 7) (1.7) (0.2) (0.7) (4.2) (2.3〕2 (100.0) (6.5) 0.2 0.3 0.2 (2.3) 3 (100.0〕(1.9〕0.2 0.4 0.7 〔2.1)4 (92.9) (o.o〕(15.3〕0.2 2.s (O".S) (o.o〕5 97.2 (18.9) (38.4) (13.0〕0.7 0.9 (1.1) (o.o〕6 82.7 (34.7〕(11.9〕0.7 1.9 0.7 o.6 (1.1) (0.8) (10.2) 7 90.7 34.9 6.1 1.6 1.s 0.4 1.1 1.2 (0.6) 8 82.7 30-7 9.2 3.2 1.9 5.2 。司51.4 (0.4) (9.5〕(5.5) 9 98.7 9.9 3.5 1.s 1.4 2.3 o.o 1.2 1-4 o.6 o.s 10 87.5 17.5 5.4 3.4 1.9 1.2 1.3 3.6 2.0 s.o (0.9〕11 34.3 20.6 Q.3 3.5 1.2 4-6 o.6 3.2 0.3 o.s 0.2 12 100.0 ss.s 33.s 7.5 2.3 3.0 3.7 5.2 1.6 0.3 (0.2) 13 95.5 50.3 3.5 9.1 1.6 2.0 2.2 o.s 2.7 3.2 (1.2) 14 95.5 53 0 8°6 1.1 2.s 0.3 o.5 0.1 0.2 o.o (0.1) 15 93.9 90.0 30.9 23.6 3.7 0.1 0.4 o.o o.o (0.3) (O.O) 16 66.8 56.7 19.1 10.9 2.6 o.6 o.o 0.1 o.s 0.3 (2.7) 17 93.2 56.7 3.5 14-1 0.1 0.1 o.6 (0.2〕(2.6) 〔o.o)18 97.1 48-1 3.2 13.8 4.6 (13.3) (4.0) 〔6. ）〕(3.9〕19 98.7 75.7 (57.6) 20.4 (21-3). (50-0) 20 (93.5〕(74-6) (100.0) (66-7) (23.0) (5.5) 02. 0) 371 4, Prospect Urban-industrialization of tbe National Capital Region will proceed at an accelerated rate in the near future, resulting inevitably in both further fragmentation and further consoh-dat10n of land use. Land for pubhc uses may increase along with the estabhshment of many recreational facilities. A serious problem will arise as to the evaluation of rural landscape as amenities. Need of irrigation of water for hatake may provoke debates that have been almost non-existent so far. Golf-hnks are large water-consumers and they will increase in number and area. All of these are closely related to wa匝ruse. As-summg that the possibility of fresh water acqmrement has a limit m the foreseeable future, and that the fresh water require-ment increases rapidly, it 1s an urgent subject of all sciences that concern regional development to grasp the actual and future situations of land use. 

Geographic Analyses of the 1: 200,000 Land Use Map of the National Capital Region

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Geographic Analyses of the 1: 200,000 Land Use Map of the National Capital Region

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