Lecture on Food Systems Sustainability and the implications for Nutrition and Dietetics. Focus on Sustainable diets in the context of Planetary Boundaries based on the EAT Lancet report

Kennedy, Aileen

English

Arrow@TUDublin

Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Reusable Resources Resources 2021 OER Sustainable Diets Lecture Aileen Kennedy Technological University Dublin, aileen.x.kennedy@tudublin.ie Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/totalarcresreu Recommended Citation Kennedy, Aileen, "OER Sustainable Diets Lecture" (2021). Reusable Resources. 5. https://arrow.tudublin.ie/totalarcresreu/5 This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Resources at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reusable Resources by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact arrow.admin@tudublin.ie, aisling.coyne@tudublin.ie. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Funder: National Forum for Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Sustainable DietsDr Aileen Kennedy RDSchool of Biological & Health Sciences TU DublinSDGs & Food and HealthNutrition is both a maker and a marker of development. Improved nutrition is the platform for progress in health, education, employment, empowerment of women and the reduction of poverty and inequality, and can lay the foundation for peaceful, secure and stable societies.”Ban Ki-moon, United Nations 8th Secretary General, a message for the SUN Movement Strategy and Roadmap (2016-2020).Food Prices and ConflictOf course speculation will always make a crisis worse if there is a weak point it will expose itGeorge SorosWhat is a sustainable diet?• Using your phone or on another tab• Go to www.menti.com and use the code 6266 6937Taste – consistently no.1 factor in purchasing  for last decade in USInternational Food Information Council Foundation- 2019 Food and Health SurveySelf reported Change in Purchase drivers Over the last 10 yrsInternational Food Information Council Foundation- 2020 Food and Health SurveySo what advice do we give and what should we give?Food Based Dietary Guidelines“Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) have been described as science-based recommendations in the form of guidelines for healthy eating. They are primarily intended for consumer information, and as such, they should be appropriate for the region or country, culturally acceptable and practical to implement. Moreover, they should be consistent, easily understood and memorable” (EFSA 2010)The Health Problem• nearly 800 million people are chronically undernourished• 159 million children under five years of age stunted. • Micronutrient deficiencies affect about 2bn people globally.• The incidence overweight and obesity, with  about 1.9 bn adults are overweight, including 600m obese. while 462 million are underweight.• Globally, one in nine people are hungry or undernourished.• Around 2 billion people did not have access to enough safe and nutritious food in 2019.• Gender inequality also plays a role in driving malnutrition, as women and girls often eat last and least in a household. A third of all women of reproductive age worldwide suffer from anaemia, caused by iron deficiency. Teenage mothers and their babies can alsobe particularly vulnerable to malnutrition.• 2.3M children die from malnutrition every year.• 75% of malnourished children under five don’t get the treatment they need.• An estimated 14 million children under the age of five worldwide suffer from severe acute malnutrition, also known as severe wasting, yet only 25 percent of severely malnourished children have access to lifesaving treatment.• 47 million children under 5 years of age are wasted, 14.3 million are severely wasted and 144 million are stunted, while 38.3 million are overweight or obese.• Around 45% of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition.what dietary patterns that are both healthy and sustainable look like?http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/d8dfeaf1-f859-4191-954f-e8e1388cd0b7/EAT-Lancet Planetary Health Diet Food Intake vs Planetary Health DietFood Intake vs Planetary Health DietFood Intake vs Planetary Health DietFood Intake vs Planetary Health DietMore plant proteinsPlant proteins – lower protein quantity but more rounded nutritional profile:• Complex carbohydrate, fibre and mineralsCurrent Irish/ European protein intakes far exceed recommendations for all age groups• Even vegansEssential Amino Acids (EAAs)• Even a diet based purely on plants + meets energy requirements over the course of a day can meet all EAA needs• Plant protein combinations at each meal time not needed• Nitrogen balanced is achieved over a course of a whole dayVeganism & Vegetarianism Protein• Encourage non-animal protein foods daily• Go meat free several days a week• Starchy foods / wholegrain cereals: low in protein, but can support overall protein intake as eaten in high quantitiesCanned chickpeas Brown lentils Mixed Nuts Tofu Mycoprotein7g/100g 9g/100g 7g/30g 17g/75g 11g/100gIron• Iron from plant sources less bioavailable.• Inhibited by phytates, polyphenols & tannins naturally found in plant foods. • Optimising non-haem absorption in plant-based diets:• Consume high tannin / polyphenol containing foods e.g. tea, coffee, spinach at least 2 hours away from non-haem iron foods.• Choose lower phytate options e.g. tubers, canned beans• Including some animal protein e.g. fish or chicken may help enhance absorptionFortified Cereal2.8-4.4mg/30gWholemeal Bread2mg/2 slicesTinned prunes1.8mg/80gLentils3.3mg/100gMixed Nuts0.6-1.9mg/30gAnimal protein70g beef2-2.5mgCalcium• Low intakes in teenagers and young women.• Calcium ubiquitous in the diet with significant quantities coming from white flour-based products• Switching to fortified plant-based alternatives will not compromise calcium intakes – bioavailability from alternatives same as dairy.• Low oxalate calcium rich dark green veg e.g. broccoli and pak choi – double bioavailability compared to dairy.Fortified plant drink240mg/200mlBroccoli35mg/80gSilken Tofu105mg/75gDried Figs60-70mg/30gTahini paste129mg/15gAnimal source200ml semi-skimmed milk248mgZinc• Meat currently major dietary source.• Teenage boys and girls have significantly low intakes:• 20% of boys and >25% girls below LRNI.• Plant sources, with the exception of mycoprotein, are lower in zinc.• Optimise by adding sprinkles of seeds and nuts onto cereals, soups and yoghurts + choosing wholemeal / wheatgerm breadsMycoprotein7mg/100gTofu (Firm)1.5mg/75gWheatgermBread1.8mg/2 slicesPeanut Butter1.2mg/40gAnimal source70g beef5.3-6.7mgVitamin B12• A healthy sustainable diet does not have to exclude meat and dairy which will provide adequate vitamin B12.• Those wishing to follow a dairy and meat free diet  high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency:• Especially if fortified plant-based options are not consumed daily• Fortified plant food sources include plant-based drinks, yeast extract and most fortified breakfast cereals.Fortified cereal (30g) with fortified plant drink (150ml)1.1mg150g of fortified soya yoghurt0.6mgYeast Extract (Marmite)Two toast slices0.6mgAnimal source70g beef – 1.4-2.1mcg200ml milk –1.8mcgG20 CountriesNDG vs Planetary GuidelinesMeat DairyFruitVegetablesLegumesNutsWhat about Ireland?Excessive Food Consumption in Irish Adults: Implications for Climatic Sustainability and Public Health 2018• Currently in the Irish diet, animal products contributed 48.1% to total dietary GHGE, • red meat 22.4%, • dairy 12.0% • eggs, poultry and pork 9.2%. • While foods of animal origin were found to have high GHGE, they only constituted approximately a 25% of EI• Hence, recommendations to reduce consumption of meat would have little or no impact on energy intake. Red MeatDoH WCR recommnedations• Eating smaller portions (about the size of a deck of cards) means that you can have red meat more often and still have no more than 350–500g a week.• 50-75g per day EAT Lancet report• Aim to consume no more than 98 grams of red meat (pork, beef or lamb), 203 grams of poultry and 196 grams of fish per week. Approach food in moderation. Consuming too much food can lead to weight gain and other health problems and it is also a challenge for the environment.• 14g per day- meatballMeat Consumption & dietary characteristics of Irish Meat consumers131g/d 155g/d202g/dTeasgasc 201786 g/d74 g/d73 g/dGHG emissions CalculationsThree distinct patterns observed in NANSMaleFood GroupsRed MeatDairyStarchy StaplesEggs, poultry, porkAlcoholic drinksProcessed meatHigh sugar snacksFishSavoury SnacksCarbonated beveragesVegetablesFruitLegumes, pulses, nutsDaily Total (kg Co2 eq)UnsustainableX̄ %2131 21607 7657 8707 81749 18685 8168 296 1606 7489 636 0.428 0.340 0.59.0Nutritionally SustainableX̄ %1603 19925 12817 11735 10328 4248 3385 5486 7188 3180 2111 2155 282 17.7CulturallySustainableX̄ %2263 28877 12764 11680 10605 8327 5306 5212 3142 2165 256 0.854 0.840 0.67.4Mean GHGEs from food groups across clustersFood WasteWhat causes more climate change- Poll time!Cereal with milk Large Latte Two boiled eggsWhat causes more climate change- Poll time!Cereal with milk Large Latte Two boiled eggs519 gCO2e 1275 gCO2e 659 gCO2eWhat causes more climate change- Poll time!Chicken sandwich Cheese sandwich Peanut Butter & Jam sandwich What causes more climate change- Poll time!Chicken sandwich Cheese sandwich Peanut Butter & Jam sandwich 176 gCO2e938 gCO2e509 gCO2e1317 gCO2eCooking methods matter!Is the planetary health diet nutritionally sufficient?• It would:• Improve intakes of healthy mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids • Reduce consumption of saturated fats. • increase essential micronutrient intake (eg iron, zinc, folate, vit A) • Increase calcium in low-income countries• Low in vitamin B12  intakes may be inadequate and supplements or fortified foods may be needed• Does the diet work for everyone?• The diet is designed to meet nutritional requirements of healthy individuals over 2 years old (with energy intake depending on age, body size, and physical activity), but the authors note that there are also special considerations for adolescent women, and pregnant and breastfeeding women, who often have different nutritional requirements. This is one reason that ranges are given for each dietary component, recognizing the needs and preferences of individuals may differ.Does Planetary diet work for everyone• The Commission does not address children <2 yrs because breast feeding is the highest priority and these children have different requirements to support rapid growth. • Some premenopausal women may have extra iron requirements because of menstrual losses and taking a supplement is less expensive and without adverse consequences of high red meat intake. • The special needs of pregnant and lactating women are recognized and can be met within the ranges of the suggested diet.• Other medical conditions A final thought!The ParadoxThe Paradox1kg powdered infant milk requires roughly 4,000L water.The Paradoxhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIjaILLKHNMBreastmilk substitutes (BMS)• FAO (2013) “GHG emissions from cattle represent about 65% (4.6 gigatonnes CO2-eq), of total sector emissions”. • In BMS also requires a lot of resources for production and packaging including: paper, aluminium, plastic, cardboard, tin, plastic and steel. • In addition to the input resources, Irish infant formula also has a lot of food miles, considering the industry’s target markets are in Asia & Africa • Global BMS Market was estimated at $57.12 Billion in 2019 and is expected to reach $110.26 Billion by 2026. • The global BMS Market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 9.8% from 2019 to 2027Resources- Take a bite out of Climate ChangeResources- https://eatforum.org/eats-podcast-lets-rethink-food/

OER Sustainable Diets Lecture

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OER Sustainable Diets Lecture

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