Bousmar, Didier

Savary, Celine

Swartenbroekx, Catherine

Zorzan, Gil

English

Hydraulic Engineering Repository

Article, Published VersionBousmar, Didier; Savary, Celine; Swartenbroekx, Catherine; Zorzan, GilFeedback from 10 years of field measurement onnavigation locksHydrolinkVerfügbar unter/Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11970/109356Vorgeschlagene Zitierweise/Suggested citation:Bousmar, Didier; Savary, Celine; Swartenbroekx, Catherine; Zorzan, Gil (2017): Feedbackfrom 10 years of field measurement on navigation locks. In: Hydrolink 2017/1. Madrid:International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR). S.10-13. https://iahr.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/library/HydroLink/HydroLink2017_01_Sensors.pdf.Standardnutzungsbedingungen/Terms of Use:Die Dokumente in HENRY stehen unter der Creative Commons Lizenz CC BY 4.0, sofern keine abweichendenNutzungsbedingungen getroffen wurden. Damit ist sowohl die kommerzielle Nutzung als auch das Teilen, dieWeiterbearbeitung und Speicherung erlaubt. Das Verwenden und das Bearbeiten stehen unter der Bedingung derNamensnennung. Im Einzelfall kann eine restriktivere Lizenz gelten; dann gelten abweichend von den obigenNutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.Documents in HENRY are made available under the Creative Commons License CC BY 4.0, if no other license isapplicable. Under CC BY 4.0 commercial use and sharing, remixing, transforming, and building upon the materialof the work is permitted. In some cases a different, more restrictive license may apply; if applicable the terms ofthe restrictive license will be binding.10 hydrolink number 1/2017Locks and inland waterwaysNavigation is an environment-friendly way oftransporting goods. Its fuel consumption andrelated carbon emission per ton-kilometer areup to five times lower than for road transport.Navigation generates less noise than rail androad transport and has a much lower impact onnatural sites and fauna. Moreover, in developedcountries, waterways are usually less congestedthan railways and roads. As a result, inlandwaterways transport has an averaged share of7% of freight in Europe and much higher sharein countries with good waterways infrastructure.During the last 20 years, its growth rate rose to25%.Improved competitiveness of navigation isnotably the result of the growth of inlandvessels. Whereas 300 t and 600 t vessels weredominant fifty years ago, the Europeanstandard is nowadays a 2000 t vessel, sized110 m x 11.40 m, for self-propelled units, andtows reaching 9000 t, sized 195 m x 22.80 m, oreven more on the downstream part of the Rhineriver. Larger vessels require larger locks, andthe hydraulic design of these locks calls formore detailed analysis to optimize theirperformance. Their design has to address twoconcurrent objectives: (1) minimizing the transitduration, to increase the lock efficiency; and (2)reducing the perturbation generated in the lockchamber by the leveling waves, to limit themooring forces and the risk of accidents duringleveling (PIANC, 2015). Existing locks can alsobe re-engineered to improve their performanceaccordingly.FEEDBACK FROM 10 YEARS OF FIELD MEASUREMENT ON NAVIGATION LOCKSBY DIDIER BOUSMAR, CELINE SAVARY, CATHERINE SWARTENBROEKX & GIL ZORZANNavigation locks are the keystones of any waterway network. Design of modern locks and upgradeof existing ones rely on detailed hydraulic investigations. Besides numerical and physical modeling,field measurement is a must for existing lock diagnosis; new lock commissioning; and datacollection for models validation. Such investigations necessitate specific methods considering therequired accuracy of the measurements collected with non-permanent equipment in a harshenvironment, while attempting to minimize traffic disturbance.Figure 1. Measuring vessel position at Roselies lockThe constant progress of numerical andphysical modeling methods supports suchimproved designs. Nevertheless, in many casesthe field collection of hydraulic data on locksremains very valuable. Data collection may berequired for improved understanding of thephysical processes involved during lock levelingand/or as validation data for the improvement ofthe numerical modeling tools supporting lockdesign and operations. Data collection canconfirm performances during a new lockcommissioning. Lastly, data collection is also aconvenient support tool for existing lockinspection, to possibly solve a reported problemor to improve its performance.Sensors, data acquisition & analysis software11hydrolink number 1/2017culverts; valves and/or gates position; vibrationand/or noise level, notably for cavitationdetection; vessel position and trim angle.Several examples will be illustrated in thisarticle, based on studies performed by theHydraulic Research Laboratory of the ServicePublic de Wallonie, Belgium.Data collection for model validationTen years ago, Wallonia initiated a largeinvestment program on its waterway network,involving the building of several new locks. Assupport to this program and to thedevelopment and the validation of thenumerical models used for the new locksdesign, the Hydraulic Research Laboratoryconducted a data acquisition campaign on twolocks: Thieu (Canal du Centre historique, 41 mx 5.20 m x drop 6.80 m) and Roselies (Sambreriver, 112 m x 12.50 m x drop 3.60 m).The Thieu lock is mainly devoted to recreationalnavigation, in such a way that almost no vesseluses this lock between November and March.Test measurements were thus done at this lockto validate the methodology for water surfaceslope measurement. First level measurementswere collected using autonomous pressureprobes with integrated data loggers. Theleveling discharge Q = A dZ/dt could easily bededuced by derivation of the so-recordedleveling curve Z(t), where A is the lock chamberhorizontal area (Figure 2). Due to inaccuraciesin the time synchronization of the probes, thewater surface slope computed from the leveldifference between two sensors wassignificantly biased: the difference due to thevertical filling velocity dZ/dt was found to besignificantly higher than the actual water slopedZ/dx. Further measurements with otherprobes, cable-connected to a centralized dataacquisition system, solved the synchronizationLock instrumentationStandard lock instrumentation is focused on theoperation of the electro-mechanical system. Itencompasses usually a single water levelmeasurement in the lock chamber, one level inupstream and downstream reaches, gate andvalves position, signaling, various electro-mechanic controls (oleo-hydraulic pressure,etc.) and safety equipments (CCTV, etc.). Datalogging of these data is only available withrecently installed controllers and, in most cases,data extraction for other purposes than electro-mechanical supervision is not easy. Specificdata collection is therefore required for hydraulicinvestigation purposes. The necessary setuphas to fulfill several requirements: (1) non-permanent use; (2) possibly harsh environment,with humidity and possible adversemeteorological conditions; (3) limited timeavailable for measurement campaign, to limitimpact on traffic; and (4) adequate accuracyregarding the investigated phenomena(Bousmar et al., 2017).Various parameters should be collected on thelock. Water level is definitively the mostimportant: (1) Direct measurement of the waterlevel in the lock chamber provides the levelingcurve and the locking duration; (2) Derivation ofthe leveling curve gives the total instantaneousfilling/emptying discharge; (3) Measuring waterlevel at several places in the lock chamberenables water slope computation; and (4) Levelmeasurement with all gates and valves closedenables accurate estimation of gate leakage.Depending on the study objectives, single ormulti-point measurements may be required.Sensors accuracy, time-resolution andsynchronization are of particular importance,notably when water surface slope isinvestigated. Other relevant parameters that canbe collected, depending on the measurementcampaign purpose, are: pressure in the lockIAHRproblem and enabled adequate water surfaceslope estimation.Further improvements of the measurementstechniques were tested at the Roselies Lockwith notably the objective to track vesselposition and trim angle during leveling. Thevessel position measurement equipment had tobe versatile and easy to install as no specificvessel was hired for the measurementcampaign: only the vessels constituting thenormal traffic were instrumented. First testswere conducted with video tracking of twotargets located at the bow and the stern of thevessels. As no stereoscopic system was usedat the time, the lateral movements of the vesselsjeopardized the analysis of the video. Furthertests were conducted with clinometers and withtopographic equipment (Figures 1 and 3). Theclinometers did not deliver satisfactory resultsas a significant overshoot was observed ateach peak, with also some slight phase shift atthe beginning of the filling sequence. Thetopographic equipment provided very goodresults with the use of a pair of automated totalstations that tracked in x, y and z two targetprisms located at bow and stern, in parallel witha pair of GPS receivers. Although one totalstation suffered a temporary loss of its targetprism due to a black cloud of smoke releasedby an old vessel engine, both measurementsdelivered consistent results. The collectedobservations confirmed that the vessel followsalmost exactly the water slope. The analysisalso highlighted the influence of the vesselobstruction on the Eigen frequencies of thewaves oscillating in the lock chamber.New lock commissioningThe new locks of Ivoz-Ramet (Meuse river, 225m x 25 m x drop 4.45 m) and Lanaye (CanalAlbert, 225 m x 25 m x drop 14 m) werecommissioned in 2016. The measurementFigure 2. Filling curve for Thieu lock Figure 3. Filling at Roselies lock: water slope (red), vessel slope from totalstation (green), GPS (blue) and clinometer (yellow)Sensors, data acquisition & analysis software12 hydrolink number 1/2017techniques developed previously were used toverify that the lock performances were inagreement with prescriptions and studiespredictions. The following aspects were notablychecked: filling time and discharge, water slopein chamber, and leveling waves (Savary et al.2016).In both cases, up to 25 temporary sensors wereinstalled for a few days measurement campaign(Figure 4). In order to insure propersynchronization, most of the probes were cable-connected to data acquisition devicesconnected to laptops and dispatched at 3 or 4locations. A cable loop was then installedbetween all acquisition devices. At the beginningof each measurement sequence, a step signalwas sent on the loop and recorded by alllaptops, enabling to post-synchronize allrecording with an accuracy of 0.05 s. Thissolution was tedious to install, with large lengthsof cables (e.g. at Lanaye lock, 3,300 m oftemporary cables were installed) and the needof appropriate shelters, but it enabled propermeasurements of all required parameters.At Ivoz-Ramet, several filling and emptyingoperations were recorded, in normal and inasymmetric mode. Asymmetric mode meansthat one valve remains closed, which mayhappen during a maintenance period. All resultswere found conform to hydraulic design studies.Additionally, an emergency stop of the lock wastested. Filling valves were quickly closed at thepeak discharge time. Large additional waveswere generated by the abrupt dischargegradient, but maximum slope remainedacceptable.At Lanaye, some concerns were raised duringlock building about possible cavitation risk at thevalves. Accordingly, modified valve openingschedules were investigated to reduce thecavitation duration. Cavitation risk was estimatedfrom pressure measurements in culverts andcomputation of the cavitation number, whichexpresses the ratio between the absolutepressure downstream the valve and theheadloss through the valve. Noise and vibrationmeasurements were also used in an attempt toquantify the actual cavitation level. Large highfrequency vibrations were observed during thefirst stages of valve opening, when cavitationnumber is the smallest. In-situ valves inspectionconducted after 12 months of service howeverconfirmed that no cavitation damage hadoccurred yet.Existing lock diagnosisThe measurement techniques depicted abovewere also applied to existing locks with thepurpose of maintenance planning orperformance optimization. A first example of asimple application of water level measurement inlock chamber is the estimation of leakagedischarge at gate seals. Such information isrelevant for maintenance work planning, for workacceptance, but also in water resource planningstudies. Bousmar & Zorzan (2015) give adetailed presentation of the method. The waterlevel is recorded in the lock chamber duringperiods with no navigation, e.g. during nights. Allgates and valves being closed, water losses orgains are only due to leakage at the downstreamor upstream gates and valves. The leakagedischarge is then estimated from the timederivate of the level. A modeled leakageequation can then be fitted to the field data.Another application of water level measurementis the evaluation of leveling surge wavespropagation on the Canal Charleroi-Bruxelles(Swartenbroekx et al., 2014). Each lockemptying or filling generates waves in theadjacent reach. A too large amplitude of thosewaves may hinder navigation. In particular, thereach between Viesville and Gosselies locks(both 86 m x 11.50 m x drop 7.20 m and 7.50 m)is only 2.5 km long so that many wavereflections and superpositions can be observed.Measurements were conducted during nightafter two days of navigation interruption (duringa week-end) so that only limited residual waveswere present on the canal. It should be notedthat a first measurement campaign did notproduced accurate results due to adverseDidier Bousmar holds aPhD in hydraulics fromthe Université catholiquede Louvain (2002). Hehas been working in theHydraulic ResearchLaboratory of the Service Public deWallonie, Belgium since 2004 where he hasbeen in charge of various studies onnavigation locks, river weirs and fishpasses, involving not only numerical andphysical modeling, but also fieldinvestigations. Didier Bousmar has morethan 20 years of experience in fluvial andstructure hydraulics.Céline Savary obtainedher PhD in hydraulicsfrom the Universitécatholique de Louvain in2007. She joined theHydraulic ResearchLaboratory of the Service Public deWallonie, Belgium in 2009. As a researchengineer she has been conducting studiesin different subjects such as: navigationlocks, river weirs and hydraulic structuresusing physical and numerical models, andfield studies.Catherine Swartenbroekxholds a PhD in hydraulicsfrom the Universitécatholique de Louvain(2012). She has 8 years ofexperience in fluvial andstructure hydraulics. As from 2013 sheworks in the Hydraulic Research Laboratoryof the Service Public de Wallonie, Belgium,as a research engineer. Since then, she hasbeen in charge of several studies onnavigation locks, river weirs and hydraulicstructures, using both numerical andphysical models, and field measurements.Gil Zorzan holds a masterin civil engineering. Hejoined the HydraulicResearch Laboratory ofthe Service Public deWallonie, Belgium in1991. As a research engineer, with over 25years of experience, he has beenresponsible for the field investigationsmanagement and for numerous studies onhydraulic structures.Figure 4. Installing a pressure probe in Lanayelock chamberSensors, data acquisition & analysis software13hydrolink number 1/2017replacement of the whole electro-mechanicalequipment of the lock. The actual valve openingschedule was found to be very different from thetheoretical schedule found in original studyreports (Figure 5). As a consequence, the wholefilling process had to be re-studied. Recordedfilling curves were then used as validation datafor the numerical model. The re-engineeredopening schedule enabled a gain of more than 2 minutes on the lock filling duration.SummaryField measurements on navigation locks areuseful to support the hydraulic diagnosis ofthese works and to improve their performance insupport  of waterways transport development.As any field measurement, equipment andmethodology has to be adapted to guaranteeproper accuracy, with a non-permanentinstallation in a harsh environment. Moreover,disturbances to navigation have to beminimized. Nevertheless, properly conductedmeasurements proved to be valuable for datacollection in support of model development andvalidation. Such measurements were alsohelpful during lock commissioning to controland optimize lock performance. When appliedon existing locks, these measurementmethodologies provided relevant information formaintenance planning and/or for re-engineeringstudies. nReferencesBousmar D., Savary C., Swartenbroekx C. & Zorzan G. (2017). Fieldmeasurement on navigation locks for hydraulic diagnosis.Proceedings HydroSenSoft. Madrid, Spain.Bousmar D. & Zorzan G. (2015). A simple method for lock gatesleakage measurement. E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR Congress,The Hague, The Netherlands.PIANC (2015). Ship behaviour in locks and lock approaches. Report155, Brussels, Belgium.Savary C., Bousmar D., Swartenbroekx C., Zorzan G. & Auguste T.(2016). Field measurements at the new lock of Lanaye (Belgium)before the opening to navigation. IAHR European Congress.Liège, Belgium.Swartenbroekx C., Bousmar D. & Savary C. (2014). Superposition oflock generated waves in the Seine-Scheldt-East network inBelgium. PIANC World Congress. San Francisco, USA.weather conditions: storms and strong windgenerated too much waves at the canal surface.Several autonomous pressure sensors wereinstalled along the canal and the locks to recordthe wave propagation, reflection, and damping.These results were then used to validate anumerical model to be used during the designof a second lock to be built in parallel with theexisting one.Leveling curve measurement is also usefulwhen reworking a valve opening schedule. Onthe Havré lock (Canal du Centre, 124 m x 12.50 m x drop 10 m), valve schedule and fillingcurves were recorded when planningIAHRFigure 5. Valve scheduleat Havré lock (red = theory, green and blue = actual left and right valve, black = discharge)IAHR GENERAL MEMBERS ASSEMBLYThursday 17th August, 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Venue: Putra World Trade Centre Time: 17:30-18:30 AGENDA1. Opening2. Approval of the Minutes of the 2016 /Colombo GMA3. Announcement of the results of the 2017 Council Elections4. 2016 Financial Report5. Secretariat Report on Association ActivitiesSensors, data acquisition & analysis softwareIAHR WORLD CONGRESS37th IAHR13- 18 August 2017Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2017

Feedback from 10 years of field measurement on navigation locks

http://henry.baw.de/bitstream/20.500.11970/109356/1/HydroLink_2017_01_Feedback%20from%2010%20years%20of%20field%20measurement%20on%20navigation%20locks.pdf

Feedback from 10 years of field measurement on navigation locks

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Hydraulic Engineering Repository