Mandibular micrognathia is one of the characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of bimaxillary surgery without maxillary advancement on the upper airway using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results of comparing pre- and post-operative finite element model. Seven female patients with jaw deformity, who underwent two-jaw surgery (Le Fort1 osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy; BSSRO) were enrolled. Maxillary was moved for correcting occlusal plane and mandibular was moved to advancement. Pharyngeal airway space and breathing during sleep were evaluated, comparing the periods of 2 days before and 6 months after the operation. The cross-sectional area of the level of the hard palate (HP) and the level of the tip of the uvula (TU), and airway volume of total, HP-TU, and TP- the level of the base of the epiglottis (BE) were increased. AI and AHI in 2 days before and 6 months after were decreased. As the result of nasal ventilation condition, velocity of HP and TU in 2 days before and 6 months after were decreased. We think that it was revealed that movement of the maxilla without advancement did not affect to the morphology and function of airway

Imagawa, Naoko

Inoue, Kazuya

Iwasaki, Tomonori

Mano, Takamitsu

Mishima, Katsuaki

Mori, Yoshihide

Nakano, Hiroyuki

Suga, Hokuto

Suzuki, Kei

Ueno, Takaaki

Ueyama, Yoshiya

Yoshimura, Chikara

English

Tokushima University Institutional Repository

49Journal of Hard Tissue Biology 29[1] (2020) 49-522020 The Hard Tissue Biology Network AssociationPrinted in Japan, All rights reserved.CODEN-JHTBFF, ISSN 1341-7649Clinical ReportThe Effect of Cranial Change on Oropharyngeal Airway and Breathing During SleepHiroyuki Nakano1), Katsuaki Mishima 2), Hokuto Suga3), Tomonori Iwasaki3), Kazuya Inoue1), Takamitsu Mano4), Chikara Yoshimura5), Kei Suzuki1), Naoko Imagawa1), Takaaki Ueno1), Yoshihide Mori6) and Yoshiya Ueyama3)1)Department of Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan2)Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan3)Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan 4)Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan5)Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan6) Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science,  Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Accepted for publication, November 27, 2019)Abstract: Mandibular micrognathia is one of the characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of bimaxillary surgery without maxillary advancement on the upper airway using computa-tional fluid dynamics (CFD) results of comparing pre- and post-operative finite element model. Seven female patients with jaw deformity, who underwent two-jaw surgery (Le Fort1 osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy; BSSRO) were enrolled. Maxillary was moved for correcting occlusal plane and mandibular was moved to advancement. Pharyngeal airway space and breathing during sleep were evaluated, comparing the periods of 2 days before and 6 months after the op-eration. The cross-sectional area of the level of the hard palate (HP) and the level of the tip of the uvula (TU), and airway volume of total, HP-TU, and TP- the level of the base of the epiglottis (BE) were increased. AI and AHI in 2 days before and 6 months after were decreased. As the result of nasal ventilation condition, velocity of HP and TU in 2 days before and 6 months after were decreased. We think that it was revealed that movement of the maxilla without advancement did not af-fect to the morphology and function of airway.Key words: Cranial change, Bimaxillary surgery, Oropharyngeal surgery, Breathing during sleep, Computational fluid dy-namics IntroductionMandibular micrognathia is one of the characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)1). Many patients with mandibular retrognathia pres-ent with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea because of a narrowing of the pharyngeal airway2). For this reason, many reports have been made on the relationship between the skeleton and airway morphology of pa-tients with mandibular micrognathia3,4). We think that the orthognathic surgery is useful if the treatment can prevent the develop of OSA in the future. Therefore, the orthognathic surgery for mandibular micrognathia patients were performed mandibular advancement surgery with or with-out maxillary movement. Many studies are isolate mandibular advance-ment and bimaxillary advancement surgery, the movement of maxilla without advancement studies are small. In addition, the study investigat-ing both respiratory parameters during sleep and airway morphology parameters simultaneously is none.  Recently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is considered the most appropriate technique to simulate the internal flow dynamics of the upper airway5). It also allows evaluation of the airflow in the nasal, na-sopharynx, and oropharynx areas separately providing an accurate as-sessment tool. In addition, CFD also provides accurate simulation to the magnitudes of air pressure and velocity and thus more precise evalua-tion of the airway function.  The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of bimaxillary surgery (the move of maxilla without advancement) on the upper airway using CFD and respiratory parameters using full-polysomnography re-sults of comparing pre- and post-operations.Materials and MethodsSeven female patients with jaw deformity, who underwent two-jaw surgery (Le Fort1 osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteoto-my; BSSRO) in Yamaguchi University Hospital from July 2008 to October 2010, were enrolled. Maxillary was moved to correcting occlu-sal plane without advancement and mandibular was moved to advance-ment. The average age at the time of operation was 25.9±6.9 years. The average body mass index (BMI) was 19.6±2.1 kg/m2. Pharyngeal airway space and breathing during sleep were evaluated, comparing the periods of 2 day before and 6 months after the operation.These were non-syndromic patients requesting orthognathic surger-ies in order to improve occlusion and facial balance. Patients with a his-tory of breathing problems were excluded from the study, namely, OSAS patients. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yamaguchi University Hospital (H28-138), and all participants signed informed consent forms.Correspondence to: Dr. Hiroyuki Nakano, Department of Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686 Japan; Phone: +81-72-683-1221; E-mail: ora099@osaka-med.ac.jp50J.Hard Tissue Biology Vol. 29(1): 49-52, 2020Polysomnography  Using the Alice 5 (Respironics; Murrysville, PA), apnea hypopnea index (AHI), apnea index (AI), 3% oxygen desaturation index (3% ODI), arousal index was measured. The data was scored according to standard criteria: apnea index (AI); drop in thermal sensor amplitude by ≧ 90% baseline and duration ≧ 10 sec, hypopna index (HI); ≧ 30% re-duction in nasal pressure signal excursions from baseline and associated ≧3% desaturation from pre-event baseline, AHI; total of AI and HI.Image analysis  A computed tomography (CT) machine (Somatom Definition SIEMENS Co. Munich, Germany), which was a multi-slice helical tech-nique, was used in this study. The CT images took before and after or-thognathic surgery. The slice thickness of the reconstructed image was 0.6 mm. The CT images were imported into a personal computer and the airway was reconstructed using CT analyzing computer software “Mimics Version 13.1”. The upper threshold and lower threshold in re-construction of 3D image from CT data were -470HU and -1024HU, re-spectively6). 3D images of the airway were reconstructed from CT data using Mimics Version 13.1 (Fig. 1). The upper and lower boundaries were defined as the level of the hard plate and the base of the epiglottis, respectively. From the 3D reconstructed models, the following volumes of the airway were measured: the volume of upper airway (total vol-ume), the volume between the level of the hard palate and the tip of the uvula (volume of HP-TU), and the volume between the tip of the uvula and the base of the epiglottis (volume of TP-BE). Subsequently, by us-ing an appropriate smoothing algorithm with a moving average, the 3D model was converted to a smooth model without losing the patient-spe-Figure 1. 3D images of the airway. 3D images of the airway were reconstructed from CT data using Mimics Version 13.1.Figure 2. Computational fluid dynamics. The analysis of the computational fluid dynamics51Hiroyuki Nakano et al.: The Effect of Cranial Change on Oropharyngeal Airway and Breathing During Sleepcific character of the upper airway shape. The rendered volume data was in a 512×512 matrix with a voxel size of 0.377 mm. The 3DCT images for the airway model were exported to computational fluid-dynamic software (Phoenics Cham-Japan, Tokyo, Japan) in stereolithographic format. The construction of the 3D model takes about 15 minutes.Airway resistance is greater during expiration than inspiration dur-ing quite breathing. Accordingly, each voxel on the plane of the hy-popharynx was considered part of the flow inlet, whereas each voxel at the entrance of each nostril was considered part of the flow outlet. The air was assumed to be a newtonian, homogeneous, and incompressible fluid. Elliptic-staggered equations and the continuity equation were used in the study. The following boundary conditions were set to the model: (1) the air flow perpendicular to the lower pharyngeal plane had a veloc-ity of 200 ml per second, (2) the wall surface was nonslip, and (3) the simulation was repeated 1,000 times to calculate the mean calues. Conevergence was judged by monitoring the magnitude of the absolute residual sources of mass and momentum, normalized by the respective inlet fluxes. The iteration was continued until all residuals fell below 0.2%. with our system, the FMS analysis are shown as pressure and ve-locity of the upper airway were calculated to evaluate the ventilator condition. In addition, detection of obstructions in the upper airway is shown in Fig. 2. Statistical analysisPSG data and airway volume before and after surgery were statiati-cally compared using a Willcoxon signed-rank test (version 11.0; SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL). Statistical significance was accepted for P < 0.05. ResultsAge, SNB and ANB before and 6 months after the operation were 25.9±6.9 years and 27.0±7.2 years, 74.3±2.6°and 77.9±1.1° , 8.9±2.8° and 5.0±2.5°, respectively (P＜0.05) Table 1). No significant difference between before and after the operation on Body Mass Index (BMI) and SNA were observed (Table 1).As the result of cross-sectional area and volume, cross-sectional area of HP and TU in before and 6 months after the operation were 2.4±1.1 cm2 and 5.6±1.5 cm2, 1.6±1.1 cm2 and 2.6±0.9 cm2 , respectively (P＜0.05). No significant difference between before and 6 months after the operation on cross-sectional of BE was observed (Table 2). Airway vol-ume of total, HP-TU, and TP-BE in before and 6 months after the oper-ation were 11.3±6.4 cm3 and 15.3±5.0 cm3, 5.4±3.3 cm3 and 7.3±2.5 cm3, 5.5±3.0 cm3 and 7.9±3.3 cm3, respectively (P＜0.05) (Table 2). As the result of PSG data, AI and AHI in before and 6 months after surgery were 1.8±2.1 /hr and 0.4±0.5 /hr, 2.1±2.2 /hr and 0.8±0.9 /hr, re-spectively (P＜0.05). No significant difference between before and 6 months after the operation on HI, arousal index and 3%ODI were ob-served (Table 3).As the result of nasal ventilation condition, velocity of HP and TU in before and 6 months after the operation were 3.0±2.5 m/sec and 1.4±0.9 m/sec, 2.4±1.4 m/sec and 1.4±0.5 m/sec, respectively (P＜0.05). No sig-nificant difference between before and 6 months after the operation on pressure of HP, TU, and BE, velocity of BE were observed (Table 4)DiscussionIn 1985, it was reported that the case occurred OSA after mandibular setback surgery7). Thereafter, many researchers reported the changes of oropharyngeal airway after orthognathic surgery. It was reported the re-sults from a meta-analysis of the scientific literature concerned with changes in the airway in human clinical trials in adult subjects submitted to orthognathic surgery to correct sagittal skeletal deformities8). He iden-tified 22 pertinent studies with moderate research quality. Only five re-ports9-13) were mandibular advancement, it has been shown that the phar-yngeal airway widens postoperatively. It is obvious that the airway expands by isolate mandibular advancement and bimaxillary advance-ment. However, when we perform the mandibular advancement, it often the maxillary movement without advancement at the same time. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the influence of bimaxillary surgery to airway. On the other hand, there were no reports of evaluating the morphology of airway as well as the function of airway. Therefore, we Table 1. Statistical comparison of age, BMI and cephalometric meas-urements between before operation and 6 months after operation Before  operation6 months after operationMean SD Mean SD P valueAge (years)BMI (kg/cm2)SNA (°)SNB (°)ANB (°)25.919.683.274.38.96.92.11.82.62.82719.48377.957.22.32.51.12.5<0.050.67990.7537<0.05<0.05Table 2. Cross-sectional area and volume of airwayBefore  operation6 months after operationMean SD Mean SD P valueCross-sectional area (cm2)Hard palate level (HP) 2.4 1.1 5.6 1.5 <0.05Tip of uvular  level (TU) 1.6 1.1 2.6 0.9 <0.05Base of epiglottis level (BE) 5.2 3.5 3.5 1.3 P=0.069Airway volume (cm3)Total volume 11.3 6.4 15.3 5 <0.05Volume of HP-TU 5.4 3.3 7.3 2.5 <0.05Volume of TP-BE 5.5 3 7.9 3.3 <0.05Table 3. Statistical comparisons of nasal ventilation conditionsBefore  operation6 months after operationMean SD Mean SD P valuePressure (Pa)Hard palate level (HP)Tip of uvular  level (TU)Base of epiglottis level (BE)Velocity (m/sec)Hard palate level (HP)Tip of uvular  level (TU)Base of epiglottis level (BE)-29.7-34.4-44.632.42.319.924.723.92.51.40.7-19.7-22.3-27.91.41.42.310.91211.30.90.51.1P=0.06P=0.11P=0.06P<0.05P<0.05P=0.48Table 4. PSG measurements before operation and 6 months after operationBefore  operation6 months after operationMean SD Mean SD P valueAI (/hr)HI (/hr)AHI (/hr)Arousal index (times)3% ODI (/hr)1.80.42.110.60.82.10.42.26.10.70.40.40.89.70.70.50.40.95.50.9<0.05P=0.617<0.05P=0.401P=0.30752J.Hard Tissue Biology Vol. 29(1): 49-52, 2020evaluated the morphology and function. As the result, the volume and area of airway were increased but only AI and AHI of PSG were de-creased excluding arousal index and HI. Although the evaluation meth-od differs depending on the studies, it is unknown, but this is similar to past reports of isolate mandibular advancement and bimaxillary ad-vancement, and the airway have expanded. Furthermore, it was revealed that functional of airway was improved. In addition, It was, in a CFD study, reported that in obstructive sleep apnea children, the pharyngeal airway pressure during inspiration de-creases with the reduction of nasal resistance by rapid maxillary expan-sion5). CFD is a convenient, reliable, and non-invasive evaluating tool for simulating the internal flow dynamics of the upper airway. Therefore, we performed CFD for airway change perioperative period. As the re-sult, velocity were decreased but pressure was not decreased, signifi-cantly. Especially, it is clearly that the level of TU was not changed. In this study, we examined the change of oropharyngeal airway us-ing CFD and change of breathing during sleep following orthognathic surgeries. We think that it was revealed that movement of the maxilla without advancement did not affect to the morphology and function of airway.AcknowledgmentsThis work was financially supported by JSPS KAKENHI, grant number 18H03001.Conflict of InterestThe authors have declared that no COI exists.References1.  Watanabe T, Isono S, Tanaka A, Tanzawa H and Nishino T. Contribution of body habitus and craniofacial characteristics to seg-mental closing pressures of the passive pharynx in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165: 260-265, 20022.  Banno K and Kryger MH. Sleep apnea: Clinical investigations in humans. Sleep Med 8: 400-426, 20073.  Bowen Zheng, Zixi Jiang, Fan Liu, Na An, Ying Zheng and Yi Liu. Effect of headgear and class 2 traction on upper airway dimensions and hyoid bone position in non-extraction patients with class 2 divi-sion 1 malocclusion. J Hard Tissue Biol 24(1): 1-6, 20154.  Yi Liu, Fan Liu, Ying Zheng and Xin Yu. Morphological character-istics of the cranial base in sagittal malocclusion. J Hard Tissue Biol 22(2): 249-254, 20135.  Iwasaki T, Takemoto Y, Inada E, Sato H, Suga H, Saitoh I, Kakuno E, Kanomi R and Yamasaki Y. The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on pharyngeal airway pressure during inspiration evaluated using computational fluid dynamics. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 78(8); 1258-1264, 20146.  Nakano H, Mishima K, Ueda Y, Matsushita A, Suga H, Miyawaki Y, Mano T, Mori Y and Ueyama Y．A new method for determining the opt imal  CT threshold  for  ext ract ing the  upper  a i rway. Dentmaxi l lofac  Radiol  42(3) :26397438.  doi :  10 .1259/dmfr/26397438, 20137.  Guilleminault C, Riley R and Powell N. Sleep apnea in normal subjects following mandibular osteotomy with retrusion. Chest 88: 776-778, 19858.  Mattos CT, Vilani GN, Sant’Anna EF, Ruellas AC and Mala LC. Effects of orthognathic surgery on oropharyngeal airway: a me-ta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40: 1347-1356, 20119.  Achilleos S, Krogstad O and Lyberg T. Surgical mandibular ad-vancement and changes in uvuloglossopharyngeal morphology and head posture: a short- and long-term cephalometric study in males. Eur J Orthod 22(4): 367-381, 200010.  Eggensperger N, Smolka K, and Iizuka T. 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The Effect of Cranial Change on Oropharyngeal Airway and Breathing During Sleep

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The Effect of Cranial Change on Oropharyngeal Airway and Breathing During Sleep

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