Superficially the fleshy Ascomycetes may be divided into the cup fungi and the sponge-mushrooms, or morels. The latter are undoubtedly the best known edible fungi in the state, for more people recognize them as mushrooms than they do the agarics. Because they are so well-known, the common forms and the more closely related similar species were chosen for illustration

Gilman, Joseph C.

English

University of Northern Iowa

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 49 Annual Issue Article 19 1942 Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy Ascomycetes Joseph C. Gilman Iowa State College Copyright ©1942 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation Gilman, Joseph C. (1942) "Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy Ascomycetes," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 49(1), 159-171. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol49/iss1/19 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@uni.edu. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FLESHY FUNGI OF IOWA IV. Common Fleshy Ascomycetes JOSEPH C. GILMAN Superficially the fleshy Ascomycetes may be divided into the ·cup fungi and the sponge-mushrooms, or morels. The latter are un-doubtedly the best known edible fungi in the state, for more people recognize them as mushrooms than they do the agarics. Because they are so well-known, the common forms and the more closely related similar species were chosen for illustration. Although these species here presented are already very well discussed in the literature, especially by Seaver\ the purpose of this series of contributions to our Iowa flora would be inco"mplete Figme 1. P eziza v esic·ulosa Bull. Fruiting bodies, in groups or more often arismg from a common base, at first closed a nd globose, gradually expanding a nd becoming deep cup-shaped, r egular in form or irregularly contorted, sessile or with a ,·ery short, stout stem-like base, externally whitish or yellowish, with minute wart-like pustules, reaching a diameter of 7-8 cm.; interior of cup pale brown, paler than the outside; a.sci cylindric or · subcylindric; spores obliquely in ;., single row, ellipsoid, smooth, colorless, 10-11 x 20-23 microns; paraphyses enlarged above, granular within, sub hyaline. ' Seaver, F. J . The North American Oup-fungi (Operculates) New York. 284 Pair e 1938. 159 1Gilman: Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy AscomPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1942160 IOWA ACADEMY OF scrnNCE L VoL. 49 should they be omitted. For further information and species not t reated here, the above book will be found very satisfactory. The descriptions included are adapted from it. On manure piles a nd heavily fertilized soils. A dark brown woods species, P eziza badia, is also frequent in Iowa. Figure 2. Plectanfo coccineci (Seop.) Funckel Scarlet cup Fruiting body a rather deep cup-shaped or funnel-shaped scarlet cup,. on a long or very short stalk; the margin of the cup usually strongly incurved, externally nea rly white and more or less flecked with colorless ha irs; interior deeply concave, scarlet, fad ing when dry; stem st out, 4-5· mm. thick and of variable length, often 2-3 cm. long and again almost lacking, the length of the stalk varying according to the depth at which the sticks on which it grew are buried; asci very long, cylindric, gradually tapering into a stem-like base, r eaching a length of 400-500 microns a nd a diamet er of 12-H microns; spores mostly in one .row, long ellipsoid, often containing two large oil drops and numerous small ones, 10-12 x 26-40 microns; paraphyses slightly enlarged above, containing numerous r ed g-ran11les. 2Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 49 [1942], No. 1, Art. 19https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol49/iss1/191942] ILLUSTRATIONS OF FLESHY FUNGI 161 On buried or partially buried sticks; early spring. The scarlet cup is usually the earliest of the cupfungi to fruit in the spring. This year a collection of it was made in January. Later in the year, two other members of this group are commonly present in the woods. They are the western cup (Plectania occidentalis) and the fringed cup (P. floc-cosa). They are both smaller than the scarlet cup but are red and have a similar habitat. They occur throughout the summer. Figure 3. Plectanin occidental·is (Schw.) Cups in groups or clusters, shallow cup-shape<l to discoid, stipitate, externally whitish, reaching a diameter of I cm., hymenium usually con-cave, bright-red, almost scarlet; stem varying in length according to the depth a t which the sticks on which the plants grow are buried in the ground, up to 2 - 3 cm. long and 2 mm. in diameter, asci cylindric or subcylindric, up to 15 - 18 microns in diameter a t the tip, tapering below into a long stem-like base; spores in a single row, parallel with the ascus walls or oblique and with ends slightly overlapping, ellipsoid, usua lly with two oil-drops one in either end which are often surrounded by smaller oil-drops and granules, hyaline or slightly yellowish, 10 - 12 x 20 - 22 microns; paraphyses slender, slightly thickened above, up to 3-4 microns at the tip. On buried or partially buried sticks in moist soil. Throughout the summer. 3Gilman: Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy AscomPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1942162 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE L VoL. 49 Figure 4. Plectania flo ccosa (Schw.) Seaver Cups grouped or occasionally clustered, stipitate, infundibuliform with margin strongly incurved in young plants, reaching a diameter of 5 - 8 mm. and a depth of 1 cm., externally clothed with very long, rigid, hyaline hairs which give the cup a very shaggy appearance, rose red; stem slender, gradually expanding into the apothecium above, and vari-able in length, depending upon the depth of the sticks upon which the plants grow are buried in the ground, hairs about 15 - 18 microns in diameter at the base and gradually tapering into a bristle-like apex, reaching a length of more than 1 mm., septate, thick-walled; asci cylindric, or subcylindric, rather abruptly na rrowed into a Jong stem-like base, up to 300 - 325 microns long, (not including the constricted portion below,) and to 20 microns in diameter at the apex; spores in a single row or with the ends partially overlapping, ellipsoid, with rather strongly narrowed ends, smooth, hyaline or slightly yellowish, 15 - 17 x 20 - 35 microns, paraphyses slender, slightly enlarged above, reaching a diameter of 3 microns at their tips. On burned sticks in woods. Summer. 4Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 49 [1942], No. 1, Art. 19https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol49/iss1/191942] ILLUSTRATIONS OF FLESHY FUNGI 163 Figure 5. Paxina subclavipes (Phill. and Ellis) Seaver Cups in groups, up to 2 cm. in diameter and 1 cm. in depth, externally cinerious to yellowish or more rarely olivaceous-brown, rough and the roughening consisting of bunches of hairs; hymenium darker than the outside of the cup, brownish; stem slender, even or nearly so, reaching an extreme length of 1 cm. but often much shorter, about 2 mm. thick, covered like the outside of the cup with tufts of hairs, hyaline or faintly yellowish, asci cylindric, up to 250 microns long by 15 microns in diameter; spores in single row, or slightly crowded near the tip of the ascus, ellipsoid, one -celled, containing a single large oil-drop and oc-casionally a few smaller ones, smooth, hyaline, 9 - 10 x 18 - 23 microns; paraphyses thread-like, about 3 microns in diameter, below, but enlarged above to 7 microns, yellowish-brown. On ground in woods. June and July. 5Gilman: Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy AscomPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1942164 IOWA ACADEMY OF 8CU:NCE l VoL. 49 Figure 6. Paxina acetabulum (L) Knutze Cups, rather deep, reaching a depth of 2-3 cm. or more, rarely ex-panded and shallow, externally ash-grey to brownish, minutely tomentose and conspicuously veined, stipitate; h~•meniurn darker than exterior, brmrn to blackish bro\\·n; stem short and thick, up to 1-1.5 cm. in length by 1 cm. in diameter, deeply ribbed, the ribs of the stern being continuous with the veins on the cup; the stem gradually expanding into the cup; tomentum consisting of bunches of poorly developed, hyaline hairs, the component cells of which are strongly swollen but contracted at the p aint of union; asci cylindric above, spores obliquely 1-seriate, ellipsoid, hyaline with a single oil drop , smooth, 12 ·14 x 18-2'2 microns, paraphyses straight, enlarged abo,·e. On ground in woods and open places. Early summer. 6Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 49 [1942], No. 1, Art. 19https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol49/iss1/19194.2] ILLUSTRATIONS OF FLESHY FUNGI 165 Figure 7. Urnula crciterium (Schw.) Fr. Black urn Fruiting body a t first closerl above, finally opening by a star-shaped mouth which leaves the margin notched a nd infolded, externally black or brownish-black and clothed with a dense covering of tomentum, reaching a diameter of 3-4 cm. and a depth of 4-6 cm., the substance tough and leathery; interior brownish-black, a little paler than the out-side of fruitbody. Stalk reaching a length of 3-4 cm. and a diameter of 5-8 mm., even or very slightly grooved near the base, black or brownish· black and attached to the substratum by a dense mass of black rny-celium, gradually expanding above into the fruit body; hairs variable in length, thin walled, sparingly septate, flexuous, about 10 microns in diameter and of nearly uniform thickness throughout their entire length. Asci cylindric above, tapering below into a long stem-like base, reaching a length of 600 microns and a diameter of 15-17 microns; spores in one row, broad ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 12-14 x 25-35 microns; paraphyses thread-like, slightly enlarged above, pale brown. On the ground in deciduous woods, attached to buried or partially buried sticks. Frequent. 7Gilman: Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy AscomPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1942166 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE [VOL. 49 Figure 8. Bulgaria rufa Schw. Cups grouped or clustered, sessile or more often short stipitate, at-taining a diameter of 2 - 3 cm., at first closed, finally opening and be-coming shallow cup-shaped, with the margin incurved, externally blackish-brown and covered over with clusters of hairs, the substance tough, in· ternally with a gelatinous layer several mm. thick, giving the fresh plants a rubbery consistency, on drying becoming leathery and strongly wrinkled; hymenium slightly concave, pale-reddish or reddish-brown, stem reaching a length of l cm. and a diameter of 4 - 5 mm., a ttached below by means of a dense mass of black mycelium which reaches a diameter of 7 - 8 microns; hairs blackish-brown, similar to the mycelium at the base of the stem but shorter; asci cylindric above, gradually tapering below .into a long stem·like base, reaching a length of 275 - 300 microns and a diameter of 12 - 14 microns; spores in a single row, ellip-soid, with the ends strongly narrowed, hyaline, granular 'within, 10 x 20 microns, paraphyses thread-like, scarcely enlarged above. Common in woods attached to buried sticks. Early summer. 8Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 49 [1942], No. 1, Art. 19https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol49/iss1/191942] ILLUSTRATIONS OF FLESHY FUNGI 167 Figure 9. Morchella hybrida (Sow.) Pers. Hybrid morel Head bell-shaped or subconic, reaching a length of 2 cm. and a diameter of 1.5 cm., the margin free about half way up; pits irregularly rounded or elongated, reaching a diameter of 5-10 mm., yellowish within; ribs inclined to be longitudinal or irregularly netted, about 1 mm. thick, lighter than the interior of the pits; stem thick, at first very short, finally reaching a length of 8-10 cm. and a diameter of 2 cm. at the base, gradually tapering upward to about half that diameter, delicately pubescent, whitish or yellowish, often irregularly grooved at the base, nearly eYen above; asci cylindric or sub -cylindric, reaching a length of 250 microns, and a diameter of 20 microns; spores in one row, ellipsoid, 12-14 x 22-26 microns, hyaline or faintly colored; paraphyses enlarged upwards, hyaline or subhyaline. On the ground, usually in the margins of woods. May. Edible. 9Gilman: Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy AscomPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1942168 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE L V oL. 't9 F igure 10. Morch.el/ct esculen tci (L.) Pers. Morel H ead subglobose, ornid, or elongated, occasionally pointed up\\·a rd but obtuse at the apex, \'a rying much in size but often reaching a diameter of 4-5 cm., a nd a length of 7-9 c11i.; pits r ounded, irregula r, occasiona lly longitudinally elongated, yellowish within, becoming brownish or blackish when dry, reaching a diamete r of 5 rnrn. to 1 cm.; ribs irregula rly netted, not longitudinally disposed, the edges rounded about 1 111ni. t hick and lighter colored than the interior of t he p its, usually whitish or yellowish; stem stout but usuall~· not exceeding t\1·0- third s the dia n1eter of t he pileus, usua ll~' a little enlarged at the base and irregularly grOO\'ed, nearly even above, \\'hitish to yello\\'ish, lighter than the head, delicately ha iry, reaching a leng th of 200-250 microns a,nd a d iameter of 18-20 microns. Spores in one row, ellipsoid, hyaline, yellowish in mass, 12-14 x 20 ·24 microns; paraphyses strongly enla rged a bo\'e, where they reach a diameter of 15 microns, fain t! ~· colored. On the ground in \\·oods and open p laces. :\fay. Edible. Several other species a re to be found in Iowa, t he commonest being t he follow-ing: Morchella clelicio.rn, Morchella conica and Marchel/a cra.~sipes. 10Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 49 [1942], No. 1, Art. 19https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol49/iss1/191942] ILLUSTRATIONS OF FLESHY FUNGI 169 Figure 11. H elvella caroliniana (Bose) Nees Head irregularly lobed and folded and in places more or less twisted, the ridges often anastomosing and giving to the surface a netted ap-pearance, whitish underneath, the ma rgin adhering to the stem in various places, reaching a diameter of 5-12 cm.; hymenium brown to brnwnish-black; stem rather short and stout reaching a diameter of 2-5 cm. and a length of 8-10 cm., rather deeply grooved, the color white or whitish; asci clavate or subcylindric; spores in a single row, narrow-ellipsoid and often apiculate, 12-14 x 25-28 microns, usually containing one la rge oil-drop and often two smaller ones, at first smooth, becoming sculptured; spore-sculpturing assuming the form of minute warts or occasionally reticulations; paraphyses thickened above and colored. On the ground. Mfly . Suspected. 11Gilman: Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy AscomPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1942170 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE l VOL. 49 Figure 12. H elvella underwoodii Seaver Cap broad, much contorted, irregula rly lobed and folded, in places faintly marked into a reas by indistinct anastomosing ridges, 5-12 cm. in its widest diameter; hymenium rich chocolate-brown, whitish below; stem 2-5 cm. thick, 8-13 cm. long, rarely slightly fluted, hollow, white; asci cylindric ; spores ellipsoid, 14 x 28-30 microns, usually containing two rather large oil drops, becoming faintly sculptured by small warts or faint reticulations; paraphyses slender, enlarged at the apex. In rich woods on leaf mould. May. Suspected . 12Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 49 [1942], No. 1, Art. 19https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol49/iss1/191942] ILLUSTRATIONS OF FLESHY FUNGI 171 Figure 13. H elvetia cri11pa (Scop.) Fr. Cup mitrate or more often saddle-shaped, reflexed and usually ir-regularly lobetl, reaching a diameter of 4-5 cm.; hymenium white, becom-ing cream or yellowish with age and especially when dried, even or more or less convoluted; stem up to 6-7 cm. long, and 2-3 cm. in diam., deeply fluted, entirely white when fresh, becoming cream or yellowish with age, still darker when dry; asci cylindric or subcylindric, up to 300 microns in length, 15-18 microns in diam.; spores 1-seriate, ellipsoid, containing one large oil-drop, 12-20 microns; paraphyses enlarged above. On soil in wooded places. Throughout the summer. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, IowA STATE CoLLEGE, AMES, IowA 13Gilman: Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy AscomPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1942

Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy Ascomycetes

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Illustrations of the Fleshy Fungi of Iowa IV. Common Fleshy Ascomycetes

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