Dione, Michel M.

Enahoro, Dolapo K.

Galiè, Alessandra

Ouma, Emily A.

Weber, Christoph

CGSpace

Better lives through livestockImproving animal health services to village poultry production systems in Ghana and TanzaniaDolapo Enahoro, Alessandra Galie, Michel Dione, Christoph Weber and Emily Ouma Policies, Institutions and Policies program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)Virtual Seminar Series, IWMI-Ghana20 November 20202Outline• Project Overviewo Genomics to Improve Poultry • Background & Focuso Newcastle disease in village poultry• Qualitative methods oValue chain assessmentso Sites• Highlights of ResultsoConstraints, management, impacts of NCD• Observations• Next stepsUSAID Feed the Future (FtF) Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry▪Objective 4: Conduct poultry value chain assessment and develop a business model for breeding and distribution of chicken line with enhanced Newcastle disease (ND) resistance[ UC-Davis, SUA, UG, ILRI ]Project OverviewSource: GIP, 20185Study Background • Village chicken production a major contributor to food security, rural (& female) incomes in Africa• Low productivity a prevailing feature of village poultry production systems • Local breeds• Extensive/free-range husbandry• Low resource• Infectious poultry diseases are a key factor driving low productivity• Newcastle disease accounts for significant portion of chicken mortalities in village flocks.6Research Questions• What are the key constraints to poultry health care in village production systems in Ghana and Tanzania?• How do disease-related constraints impact on producers and others in the value chain? How are they currently managed?• What key policy, market, institutional changes will improve outcomes for M & W farmers, other value chain actors? 7MethodologyValue chain assessments (Baltenweck et al. 2019)• Gender inclusiveness• Poultry epidemiology• Value chain performanceParticipatory appraisal methodologies/tools• Key informant interviews• Focus group discussions (FGDs)• Interview checklists• Value chain mapping• Pair-wise rankingStudy sites • Ghana (November 2019)• Tanzania (March 2020)8Focus GroupsMEN WOMEN TOTALTanzania 254 241 495Ghana 267 217 484Total 521 458 979Women (10 -12) farmersMen (10 -12) farmersMixed M & W (12 -15) farmersMixed gender (18- 22) value chain actorsCounts of FGD participants, by gender 16 SitesKey Informant Interviews9Socio-economic Characteristics of FGD Participants020406080100Ghana TanzaniaAge of participants, yearsYoungestAverageOldest020406080100Ghana TanzaniaPrimary Education, %Figure 1: Range and average age of FGD participants in Ghana and Tanzania.Figure 2: Percentage of participants with primary school education.National median age is 21.1 yrsin Ghana; 17.7 yrs in Tanzania.National adult literacy rate is 79% in Ghana; 78% in Tanzania.10FGD checklists(separate) groups of Women and Men farmersGender•Men and women roles in poultry production•Gender-based challenges in input and output markets•Gender-based challenges in disease management, impacts(mixed gender) groups of farmersParticipatory Epidemiology•Priority diseases•Poultry health constraints and management•Disease impacts on poultry systems(mixed gender) groups of farmers, input & services providers, extension/vet providers, traders, retailers  Value Chains•Value chain mapping, marketing channels and links, volumes, pricing•Overall constraints of the village poultry value chain•Disease impacts along the value chain•Community groups and farmer associations11GHANA TANZANIAValue chains Simple, with mainly local demand and supply, occasional sales to big citiesSlightly more sophisticated (hatcheries, processing) with more frequent sales to big citiesProduction Small flock sizes (2 – 150), local breeds (chicken, guinea fowl, turkey/ducks), free range, low biosecurity  Small to medium (200+) flocks, local & improved (chicken), free range to semi-intensive, low biosecurity in traditional systemsInputs/services Rely on vet officers for (mainly) disease preventative measures Commercial vet centers are main source of vaccines, vet drugs Value Chain Mapping12Results from the FGDsConstraints: -• Diseases causing mortality and morbidity are Newcastle, fowl pox, worm infestation, infectious coryza, coccidiosis.• 43% of farmer epidemiology groups reported poor access to veterinary supplies and services.• Access was more limited for female farmers in Tanzaniawhile women farmers in Ghana not even aware of outlets.• FGD groups cited unavailability, high prices, low quality of vet inputs, few veterinary officers. • Low knowledge on appropriate husbandry practices.• Market-related challenges (credit, capital).13Strategies for Managing Disease ConstraintsAdminister vet medicines without expert inputINPUTS/SERVICESUse local herbal formulations and non-vet medicinesHUSBANDRYSlaughter / Sell off birdsMARKETAdminister  vet meds with expert input  Formal veterinaryservices(public/private)Knowledge of husbandry 1234Most readily accessiblePose major constraints Relatively difficult to accessAccessible, with some challenges e.g., for women14Results from the FGDsImpacts: -• Groups in Tanzania and Ghana identified both farmers and traders as most severely impacted by ND/bird losses.[Training and interventions directed to farmers]• Poultry diseases affected household welfare, business returns and expansion potential.• Up to 100% flock mortalities experienced but participants agreed vaccine adherence could prevent this.• Poultry incomes seemed more important to womenfarmers, but they had fewer options to mitigate losses• Economic and cultural inhibitions exacerbate negativeoutcomes for women. 15Key observations• Research could help to identify incentives for different value chain actors, address inequitable access of men and women.• Sector could borrow from successful innovations in other smallholder settings (e.g., low-cost chilling technologies in E. Africa dairy)• Private sector and communities need drive innovations – no appetite for massive public funding in sector• ICT offers much in terms of training, communications and coordination (should consider location contexts).16Intervention entry optionsVeterinary Supplies & ServicesPoultry Farm Mgt.Input & Output Markets• Private sector participation• Communications, Coordination, Collective action17Next Steps• Paper under review in Frontiers in Veterinary Science (Veterinary Humanities and Social Sciences Section).• System Dynamics modeling for value chain upgrading of the village poultry production system (Ghana), using Spatial Group Model Building (SGMB) methods.• Consumer choice experiments to assess preferences and demand for chicken ecotypes with enhanced ND resistance (Ghana & Tanzania).18Questions??THANK YOUThank You!!!

Improving animal health services to village poultry production systems in Ghana and Tanzania

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Improving animal health services to village poultry production systems in Ghana and Tanzania

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